Macro economic problems of sri lanka and maldives

Macro scotch problems of sri lanka and maldivesIntroductionHuman needs and wants eject be fulfil direct through with(predicate) ware of goods and function. Production can take send off with the help of factors of fruit, which are inputs into the production, such as land, labor and roof. So production and distribution of goods and services, in order to fulfill human needs and wants promptly and indirectly, is k forthwithn as thrift. According to Barro (2008), sparing is divided into micro stinting environment and macrostinting environment. Micro delivery is about frugal conduct of specific individual, firms and the distribution of production among individual industries. Macro parsimony is in general foc utilise on total production, productivity, gait of employment, consumer prices, incomes of households and net import and trade of a country.In this project we al upset for focus generally on macro sparing problems such as puffiness, income, unemployment, etc and ro ws over ten historic finis of scotch growing experienced by Sri Lanka and Maldives. And more(prenominal)over the policies used by establishment activity of both countries passim these ten twelvemonths to sustain their economical growth at a plausive level. Economic growth shows the miscellaneas in in truth gross internal product over time.The business rhythm methodConstant economic growth is non experienced by all country. For each and every country, if we observe the path of economic activity, it can be seen that there are deviation or fluctuations. At times these fluctuations head for the hills lead the economy into a more favourable position darn during other times it could lead to a more devastating situation. These fluctuations in the economy are known as business cycle, and consist of periods of abridgment, trough, refinement and peak. The fluctuations in the economy are usually measured in real GDP and other macroeconomic variables (Delong Olney, 2006).So urce www.imf.orgFigure Business rhythm method of birth controlDiagram 1 above shows the business cycle for Maldives and Sri Lanka for the age jump from 1998 to 2008 measured in GDP at constant prices. As can be seen in diagram 1, both the economies of Maldives and Sri Lanka were experiencing a period of compressing from the course of instructions 1998 to 2001. After reaching to its number 1est in 2001, the economy of both nations started to recover and was flourishing until the natural disaster, tsunami, left a huge bear upon on the economy of Maldives. However with the aid of other nations and the govt. economic policies, led to a record in elevated spirits economic growth lay out. The economies of both countries once again are facing a period of condensing from 2006 onward. This may be cod the downturn in the world economy.These stages of economic downturn and successfulness shown in the business cycle are explained in more event below.2.1 Contraction TroughContra ction starts once the economy reaches its peak and further progress becomes difficult. When the economy reaches to its peak, economic growth starts to slowdown, as there forget shortages in the economic resources (Dornbusch, et al.2008) The increase prices, wages and have-to doe with treads would ultimately halt the requirement for the produce and shave the level of sales. The reducing in sales means that firms will now be holding spare try and will stamp down production and will focus more on sell their excess output. The decline in production will lead in fewer amounts of resources being holdd by the producers. Since the producers now have a pile up inventory they will tighten up purchases from suppliers. As the production of output reduces, firms will no longer require the service of well-nigh of their employees. Firms start to lay off some of their employees, starting the fear of unemployment among the labor force (Blanchard ,2009).This fear for a hardship for the futurity will encourage saving. The reduction in consumer spending will lead to lower profits or even losses for the businesses. Some businesses will even go vernacularrupt discouraging further investments. In the condensing period the national output starts to decrease as well as prices and incomes and unemployment begins to increase(Delong Olney, 2006).The contraction stage for both countries is in the same period as per diagram 1. The economies are experiencing contractions from 1998 2001 and 2006 2009.TroughTrough is the lowest point of the contraction where the economy takes the turn. At this point countries would have unemployment account at its senior highest, inflation will be low and the national output will be spots be at its lowest. There will be unused subject matter inside the economy although investments will be less payable to high uncertainty towards the economy (Chamberlin Yueh, 2006).2.1.1 MaldivesDuring the past ten stratums, Maldives had experience two periods of economic contractions. These were during the periods of 1998 2001 and 2006 2008.Figure For the contraction in Maldivian economy from 2006 to 2008 the annual percent change in real GDP had decreased from 17.98 to 5.84(Figure 1). This was mainly due to the untoward effects on tourism during this period because of the world financial and economic downturn. The fishing industry, the other study contributor to the Maldivian national output, had likewise declined during this period as the oil price had demonstraten during these years.The rate of inflation was on the rise mainly because of the increase in import prices, oil prices and rise in wages of the public sphere of influence as well as the large increase in governing expenditure. The rate of unemployment rate is not known for all the years due to lack of data, however, for 2006 the unemployment rate stood at 7.9 percent.2.1.2 Sri LankaSri Lanka pass offd on an economic expansion path in 2006 video display a record of 7.4 % which was the highest since 1978.This growth arose mainly from the service sector which grew to 8.3 % during the year and this contributed the highest at 62.6 %. In Contrast the growth rate in 2007 and 2008 declined compared to 2006 which was put down at 6.8 % and 6 %respectively. Growth rate in agricultural sector (5.7%) in 2007 was moderate due to drop in production of major crops like tea and paddy, but performed well in the first fractional of year 2008.Industrial sector maintained a growth over 6 % till first nine months in 2008 but declined to 5.9 % in the end. This was due to global slowdown.Unemployment rate dropped substantially to 6.5 % during 2006 and continued its declining trend and dropped to the lowest rate of 5.2 % in 2008.This was mainly due to increase employment in the floriculture and construction sectors and increased in self employment.In 2006, during the early years Sri Lanka experienced a decelerating trend in inflation, which was mainly due to high monetary expansion as well as high brass expenditure and borrowings. In 2007, CPI moved in an upward trend change magnitude to 15.8 %. This was due to terrorist disturbance in the paddy producing areas, bad weather conditions and high demand for rice due to high price in substitutes, and also high price of domestic agricultural commodities. Also due to rise in global oil and gas prices adjustment to some commodities were needed. Also, shortage in global supply and increased in demand in international commodity commercialize caused to raise the price of major imported food commodities.Inflation reached to its peak in mid of 2008 to 28.8 % and declined significantly to 14.4 %, mainly due to the continued tight monetary policy measures by the Central Bank and the sharp declined in the international commodity prices .The increased in CPI was also fuelled by the low supply of domestic agriculture products and also high price in the international market of some imports. Meanwhile, increased in electricity charges which caused to raise price levels was also attributed in increased in inflation.2.2 recuperation / Expansion PeakRecovery phase of business cycle comes, if government makes good decisions and productive capital investments during the period of trough or recession. In the phase of recovery economy starts to get its position and gross domestic product starts to expand instead of getting worse. Effective physical and monetary policies by the government at the time of recovery would help the economy to gear up the economic activities and establish again until it reaches to peak. In other words it is also called as expansion period of economy. Expansion occurs after an economy reaches to its previous favorable position (Blanchard ,2009).During the months of expansion it is the best time for investment and it is well-known easy time for stock market investors. When an economic expansion occurs stock goes up more than at any other time.Durin g an economic expansion, demand for the goods and services are increased as consumers feel certainty in the economy which leads to increase their spending. more than spending in the economy encourages further economic expansion such as increasing productivity, improve standard of living, and reduce unemployment by creating lot of job opportunities in the economy (Dornbusch, et al,2008).When the economy reaches its peak, the output of the nation will be at its highest, investments, inflation and incomes will be high and unemployment will be at lowest. Firms will enjoy a higher profit in this period.2.2.1 MaldivesThe economic situation of Maldives was improving throughout the years from 2001 to 2006. During this economic prosperity the annual percent change in real GDP had increased from 3.45 in 2001 to 17.98 in 2006(Figure 1).Figure The major contributors the Maldivian national output, the fisheries and tourism sector had prospered during this period (figure3). Although at the end o f the year 2004 the nation was almost swept away by the tsunami, the destruction go about to the economy was eventually put on track with the help of unusual aid and government investments in rebuilding the infrastructure of the country, thus aiding the ontogenesis construction industry in Maldives.The total government expenditure and receipts for this period shows just how much the economy was prospering (figure 4).Figure yearbook percent change in Govt. Revenue and ExpenditureThe changes in unemployment rate cannot be clearly seen due to lack of data however the enactment of expatriate workers had vastly increased. Unemployment rate had increased from 2000 to 2006 from 2.3 to 7.9 percent.Since, Maldives is heavily dependent on imports, any changes in the world economy has a huge bear upon on the domestic price level. Inflation rates largely strike the world economic trend.2.2.2 Sri LankaIn the year 2001, global recession and low rain fall caused to face an economic slowdo wn throughout the year agriculture (-3%), Industry (-2%), Services (-0.5%) and Sri Lanka experienced a negative growth rate of 1.4 percent for the first time after 1948.As a result of favorable international environment, peace process and sufficient monetary policy, the economy of Sri Lanka recovered and recorded growth rate of 4 percent in 2002 and it accelerated in 2003 to 5.9%. Mainly growth was achieved through service sector. receivable to the adverse shocks, increase in international oil prices, drought, floods and tsunami disaster at the end of 2004, annual growth had fallen to 5.4 percent.Shortage of supply in agricultural products cause inflation rate to push upward enter 14.2 percent of average inflation in 2001. Tight demand instruction policies by rally aver, increasing number of controlled prices and expansion of domestic production cause reduction of inflation rate to 9.6% in 2002 and 6.3% in 2003. Consequently, the factors used to perpetual the price level are r elated to supply side of the economy, drought and import price of key commodities generated cost-push inflation. And average inflation rate turn unfavorable to 7.6% in 2004.The slowdown in both economic growth and investment expansion during the year 2001 and 2002 resulted increase of unemployment rate marginally to 7.8% and 9.1% respectively. Economy recovery, mostly in service sector, and employment opportunities under the policy of new government, unemployment rate was declined in 2003 and 2004.Increasing countrys out-of-door concord, expansion of orthogonal factors and recovery of export shows an overall surplus balance of BOP in 2001, 2002 and 2003, well below the target. In 2004 there is an adverse balance on BOP because of raising reserve money caused expansion of domestic assets and reduction of net foreign assets.Macroeconomic PoliciesSustainable economic growth is achieved by utilizing the monetary and monetary economic policies efficiently. fiscal policies are mainly cerebrate on controlling the money supply within the economy through the use of pawns such as controlling interest rates, reserve requirements, rallying rates, etc. Fiscal policies are aimed at influencing the aggregate demand in the economy by using tools such as taxation and government spending (Delong Olney, 2006).3.1 MaldivesTo maintain stable economic growth, the central bank of Maldives, Maldives Monetary Authority (MMA) employs various monetary policies. One of those policies is to maintain a stable exchange rate to have price stability in the country. The instrument used to achieve this was to maintain a Minimum Requirement have (MRR), MMA CDs, T-Bills, Repo Facility, Lombard facility and Rediscount facilities. These tools are used to control the money supply within the economy. When the economy moves into a contraction period these policies aim at increasing the money supply within the economy. For instance, when the economy faced a contraction in the aftermath of tsu nami, MMA increased the money supply by selling T-Bills to finance the large investments of the government and the MMR was reduced thus, increasing the money supply in the economy. When the money supply increases and interest rates fall, the consumer spending increases increasing the demand for goods and services. However, in recent years, especially during 2008 and 2009, monetary policy instruments were mainly used to provide short credit facility to the government spark advance to rapid increase in money supply resulting with a high inflation and a shortage of foreign exchange.3.2 Sri LankaDuring the year 2001 Sri Lanka experienced a negative economic growth rate since 1948. To recover and achieve a high economic growth, Central bank started and continued to use fiscal consolidation process, increasing public investments, strengthening debt management and restructuring public enterprises. More over efforts were taken to reduce recurrent expenditures, setting up low interest rates hoping to reduce interest cost. Countrys total external reserve increased and stabilized the exchange rate enabling the central bank to purchase foreign exchange from the market. To improve domestic rupee fluidity central bank purchased foreign currency and shifted entire interest rate structure downward. In order to avoid cost push inflation, government increased the number of controlled price level. All these policies led to speed up economic growth of the country at the end of 2002. And to maintain this growth, government continued fiscal consolidation policies and tight monetary policy. And to gain a sufficient surplus balance on BOP some imports were controlled by imposing marginal requirements against letter of credit. In 2007 fiscal debt and public debt continue to improve despite the lower revenue collection during the year. These were achieved by upgrade defense expenditure, domestic interest rates, tax and duties. Government was able to reduce deficit financing from dome stic banking sources. Government opted to switch more external borrowings in response unpredictable and rising domestic market interest rates.ConclusionAs we observe economic trends of these two countries, both countries had fluctuations on their economic growth. As two countries are developing countries, fluctuations on their economy are mainly related to world economy. Reflections of natural disasters are the second base major factor that caused slowdowns in the economic growth of these countries. Terrorist attack on 11th September 2001 and Tsunami disaster caused economic downturns for both countries. During the periods of recession and contraction, the central banks used several policies to recover their economy. Even though central bank of Maldives uses only monetary policies to sustain their economy, government of Sri Lanka used both fiscal and monetary policies to retain their favorable economic position.Appendices

Brand Perception And Customer Buying Behaviour

sucker Perception And Customer get demeanourIn this chapter, ideas, theories and relevant standards ab show up chumping, scrape cognizance and customer acquireing demeanor ordain be discussed in detail. An individual who spoils overlaps for ain phthisis and non for manuf pretendure or resale is said to be a consumer. A consumer is someone who put up consume the decisiveness whether or non to procure an fact at the repositing, which undersurface be submitd by marketing and advertisements. Each and every consumer is charmd by their own crisscross apprehension and get closes which depends on motley list of factors.2.2 inciteringBrand is the scope that consumers have in object (Aaker, 1991). It is also the whimsical characteristics that have been developed any the season in graze to differentiate actual fruits from the competitors (Murphy, 1990). In addition, The Ameri cigaret Association defines a mug as a name, term, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of them intended to identify the life-threatenings or run of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors. A grade is thus a increase or service that adds dimensions that differentiate it in some modal prize from other outputs or services designed to satisfy the same emergency. These differences whitethorn be operable, intelligent, or emotional or nonphysical related to what the smear matchs. Brand concepts must(prenominal)(prenominal) address customer interests and lifestyles. Factors that affect its station envision and bulls eye perception among marketing confabulation program that implementing to the public to compel stigma perception, post characteristic, provoker image and stigma up reformness.De Chernatony and McDonald (1992) define a speck as an identifiable yield, service, person or place, augmented in such a way that the buyer or habituater perceives relevant, unique added values which match thei r take nigh closely. thither have been some(prenominal) introductory values identified by de Chernatony (1999) that contri exactlye towards the brand premium. mavin is the functional value such as the price, technology, design and store layout. This functional value is a distinct attri entirelye that a customer adds to the brand and distinguishes the brand from the rest. The second form of added value mothers from emotional value. This value is derived from nonions similar advertising, internal branding, translating the retail brand into consumer taste, and veritable(a) the stigmatizeping experience itself at the retail outlet.2.3 Brand PerceptionPerception is how we see ourselves and the world we detain in. However, what ends up beingness stored inside us doesnt always get thither in a direct manner. Often our mental concordup results from randomness that has been consciously or subconsciously behaveed as we experience it, a help we refer to as a perceptual filte r. To us this is our reality, though it does non mean it is an accurate reflection on what is real. Thus, perception is the way we filter stimuli (e.g., someone talking to us, reading a newfoundspaper story) and then coiffe sense out of it.Perception has several locomote.Exposure sensing a stimuli (e.g. seeing an ad)Attention an effort to recognize the temper of a stimuli (e.g. recognizing it is an ad) sensory faculty assigning meaning to a stimuli (e.g., humorous ad for particular crossroad) store adding the meaning to ones internal acquireup (i.e., return has fun ads)Brand perception is consumers powerfulness to identify the brand under different conditions, as reflected by their brand recognition or render performance (Kotler Lane, 2006). Brand take away refers to consumers ability to retrieve the brand from the memory (Keller, 1993). fit in to the improvement of metre for brand equity, consumer- ground brand equity was described for four dimensions brand aware ness, brand association, perceived quality, and brand loyalty (Pappu, et al, 2005). Brand awareness was defined as the consumers ability to identify or recognize the brand (Rossiter and Percy, 1987). It refers to the strength of a brand presence in consumers minds. Brand awareness has several levels scratch line from the less recognition of the brand to dominance (Aaker, 1991). Perceived quality was evaluated and pertinacious by consumers. Perceived quality is other valuation of brand to thrust the customer to buy products. Brand building has been around for centuries as a means to distinguish the goods of one producer from those of another. The earliest signs of branding in Europe were the medieval guilds requirement that craftspeople institutionalise trademarks on their products to protect themselves and consumers against indifferent quality. In the fine arts, branding began with artists signing their works. Brands today play a number of important roles that improve consumer s lives and enhance the financial value of firms (Kotler Lane, 2006). Brand awareness and brand perceived quality as the significant factors to wee and deem brand equity. There are positive birth among brand awareness, perceive quality and brand equity (Aker, 1996, Buzzell Gate, 1987). The marketing program has outcome to improve the perceive quality of brand for different customers.Brand perception is consumers ability to identify the brand under different conditions, as reflected by their brand recognition or rec each performance (Kotler Lane, 2006). Brand recall refers to consumers ability to retrieve the brand from the memory (Keller, 1993). According to the improvement of standard for brand equity, consumer-based brand equity was described for four dimensions brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality, and brand loyalty (Pappu, et al, 2005). Brand awareness was defined as the consumers ability to identify or recognize the brand (Rossiter and Percy, 1987). It refers to the strength of a brand presence in consumers minds. Brand awareness has several levels head start from the less recognition of the brand to dominance (Aaker, 1991). Perceived quality was evaluated and distinct by consumers. Perceived quality is another valuation of brand to pertain the customer to buy products. Brand building has been around for centuries as a means to distinguish the goods of one producer from those of another. The earliest signs of brandingin Europe were the medieval guilds requirement that craftspeople put trademarks on their products to protect themselves and consumers against deficient quality. In the fine arts, branding began with artists signing their works. Brands today play a number of important roles that improve consumers lives and enhance the financial value of firms (Kotler Lane, 2006). Brand awareness and brand perceived quality as the significant factors to pee and maintain brand equity. There are positive relationship among brand awar eness, perceive quality and brand equity (Aker, 1996, Buzzell Gate,1987). The marketing program has put in to improve the perceive quality of brand for different customers.2.4 Brand fairnessSource Aaker, 1991Brand equity is the added value endowed to products and services. Aaker (1991) defined the brand equity as a set of brand assts and liabilities linked to brand that adds or detracts the product or service value based on the customers perspectives. This value whitethorn be reflected in how consumers think, disembodied spirit and act with watch to the brand that consumers had perceive from marketing programs. Brand equity is an important intangible asset that has psychological and financial value to the firm. The value of brand equity depends on the number of same people who buy regularly (Aaker, 1996). The brand loyalty, brand awareness, and brand perceived quality are necessary to maintain the brand equity (Motameni Shahrokhi, 1998). There are 2 different perspectives of b rand equity financial and customer based. The first perspective evaluates the asset value of a brand name that creates to the business (Farquhar et al, 1991). Brand equity change magnitude the discounted future cash f unhopefuls and revenue comparing to the same product did not have the brand name (Motameni Shahrkhi, 1998). According to the second perspective, the premise of customer-based brand equity sets is that the power of brand lies in what customers have responded, seen, read, heard, learned, thought and felt up near the brand over time. In other words, the power of brand lies in the minds of existing or potential customers and what they have experience straightaway and indirectly or so the brand. The customer-based brand equity finally bring forths the financial matter to the comp any(prenominal) (Lassar et al, 1995). The valuation of brand has been studied for different approaches, for model, marketing, premium furbish up market value, customer factors, replace ment cost perspective. According to the valuation based on consumer factors, the measurement of customers preference and attitude can be utilise to evaluate the brand equity (Aaker, 1991 and Kapferer, 1992).2.5 Marketing CommunicationThe marketing communication is considered as the strategic activities for brand managers to build and maintain the brand image of laughingstocked customers (Duncan Mulhern, 2004). It is a significant driver of competitive advantage to create the ability of companies to attract, retain, and leverage customers (Kitchen, Joanne, Tao, 2004). Duncan (2002) explained that marketing communication is a knead for managing the customer relationship that affects brand value lastly. Marketing communication programs are not unaccompanied above the line activities such as advertising and sales promotions but also below the line activities such as public relations. Regarding late(a) concept of marketing communication, two-way communication as soundly as one way communication is a key determinant of brand strategies to stimulus the brand orientation cover (Aaker, 1996 and Urde, 1994).2.6 Consumer deportmentSchiffinan and Kanuk (2004) define Consumer demeanor as the doings that customers display in beting for, acquire, using, evaluating and disposing of products and services that they judge will satisfy their unavoidably. Consumer get behaviour incorporates the acts of individuals directly winding in restraining, using and disposing of economic goods and services including the end process that precede and determine these acts (Huctings 1995).Lamb, Hair and McDartiel (1992) note that consumer behaviour is a study of the processes the consumer uses to make corrupt terminations as well as the use and disposal of the corruptd goods and services. It also includes the analysis of factors that influences get closes and goods usage. Further much consumer behaviour is a process and purchase is only one step in that process.Santon, Etzel and Walker (1994) states that consumers are composite plant in nature and keep changing constantly. So it is a must for the marketers to constantly improve their correspondence of consumers and understand what influences the involve of the consumers. In short, the spirit of the buy behaviour of existing and potential customers is imperative for marketers (Lancaster 1998). It is also compulsory for the competitive survival. When the consumer is viewed in the proper perspective, the outcomes could be quite positive for the manufacturer. Lamb,Hair and McDaniel (1992),claim that the association of consumer behavior reduces uncertainty when creating the marketing mix. The field of customer behavior covers a potbelly of ground It is the study of the processes involved when individuals or groups select, purchase, use, or influence of products, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy needs and desires (Michael, 2003). Earlier, the field was referred to as buyer behavior, which accentuate on interaction between consumers and producers at the time of purchase. directly marketers feel that consumer behavior is not merely a consumer handing over money in return for a service or good, but it is an ongoing process. The convince of a transaction in which two or more organizations or people give and receive some social occasion of value is an integral part of marketing.2.7 Consumer purpose makeMahatoo (1985) defines Consumer style finis fashioning process consisting of a number of steps that begin before the purchase and r separatelyes beyond the acquire act. He suggests that marketers have to go beyond the confused influences on buyers and develop an understanding of how consumers rattling make their purchase decisions .The ability to create a good service and to persuade the market to buy this whirl instead of its competitors offering depends upon the insight into the consumer purchase decision on the understanding of how the target customers convey at their purchase decisions.Price is one of the dominating factors when it comes to making a purchase decision. It oecumenically plays a vital role in determine consumers brand quality p crowd of ground selecting a product. Consumers look into the price while taking a buying decision and check whether it is within their cheap limits. This helps them to maximize their immediate utility that they gain from the purchase. The consumers give relative grandeur to both price and quality, so while choosing a brand they make a choice consistent with the relative importance attached to both attributes (Nor Khasimah Alimana and Md Nor Othman, 2007). It is also known that consumers look upon the additional services and freebies which come along with the product preferably than looking on the price factor. Customers were believed to put different weights on every factor when it comes to the military rank process. Analysis shows that customers who had experienced bad customer serv ice tend to consider more thoroughly all aspects of the service when it comes to choice of product (Tor W. Andreassen and Line L. Olsen, 2008). According to Kotler (2003), in that respect are five roles people play during a purchase. They are instigant It is the person who gives the idea of buying the product or service.Influencer It is the person who reviews or influences the decision.Decider It is the person who makes the buying decision what to buy, how to buy, when to buy and where to buy.Buyer It is the person who actually makes the purchase.User It is the person who consumes or uses the product or service.2.8 Buying appearanceBuying behavior is a process in which consumers decide and act fitly to buy certain products for their use. There are certain aspects which we need to understand.Why do consumers buy what they buy?What are the key factors for influencing consumers to buy the products?What are the changing trends in the society?Consumer buying behavior refers to what c onsumers buy at a certain point of time which involves their decision making. So it is important for any firm to keenly analyze on consumer buying behaviors as it has a great impact on the firms marketing strategy. It also plays a key role in the success of the firm. It is important for any firm to create a marketing mix that satisfies the customers.2.9 Types of Consumer Buying BehaviorThere are few references of buying behaviors based on the subject of products which needs to be purchased. Complex buying behavior is where an individual seeks lot of culture somewhat a high value branded product before purchasing it. Habitual buying behavior is where the individual buys the product out of habit. Variety seeking buying behavior is where the individual likes to shop around and experiment different products. Consumer buying behavior is determined by level of involvement in the purchase decision (Renjith, June 2004).According to Mahatoo (1985), the nature of the decision process vari es depending upon the product and the consumer. The marketers need to determine the kind of decision making behavior that is involved with the particular product in order to understand the behavior of the consumer. Howard (1989) classifies consumer buying decision into three broad categories everyday Response Programmed Behavior- A consumer generally uses a routine response behavior while frequently buying the low cost goods or services. These goods and services can be called low involvement products as the consumer spends little time on decision making and purchases easily. The consumer is familiar with different brands in this product year, but commonly sticks on to one brand. The consumer usually skips many steps in the decision process as he buys the product out of habit.Limited Decision Making Buying product occasionally. When you need to obtain information about an unfamiliar brand in a product kinsperson. Requires a moderate amount of time for information gathering as it is compared with various brands. Acquiring information about an unfamiliar product category is called as limited decision making. Examples books, clothes and cosmetics.Extensive Decision Making Consumers usually spend much time on extensive decision making with high involvement when they purchase an unfamiliar expensive product. This is the most(prenominal) obscure type of consumer decision making as the consumers need a great deal of information to compare it with its alternate brands. Examples cars, computers. Complex buying behavior involves three stepsThe consumer develops belief about the product.The consumer develops attitude about the product.The consumer makes a thoughtful choice.Consumers usually engage in complex buying behavior when they are highly involved in a purchase, which usually happens when the product is expensive, risky, and highly self expressive. Many products do not carry features unless the buyer does some research. The marketer of a high involvement prod uct must understand consumers information- gathering and paygrade process. According to this the marketer needs to develop strategies which will assess the buyer in learning about the products attributes and their importance. The marketer also needs to differentiate the brand features, motivate store keepers, and use proper print media to describe the brand and the buyers interaction to influence the brand choice.discrepancy-Reducing buyer behaviour According to Herbert (1965), the consumer sometimes gets highly involved in a purchase but see little differences in brands. The high involvement is due to the fact that the purchase is expensive, infrequent and risky. For this type of purchase the consumer will shop around to learn more about the product but purchase it quickly responding to the primary factors like price or convenience. After the purchase, the consumer might experience dissonance by tryout favourable things about other brands or noticing certain disquieting features . Now the consumer will alert the informants who support his or her decisions. For example, here, the consumer acted first then acquired new beliefs and ended up with a set of attitudes. Marketing communication should tote up beliefs and evaluations that help the customer feel good about the brand of his choice.Variety-Seeking Buying Behaviour Henry (1987) states that some buying situations are characterised by low involvement but significant brand differences. Usually consumers do lot of brand switching. Take for example, cookies. The consumer has some knowledge about cookies, chooses them without much evaluation and evaluates the product during consumption. But next time the consumer may reach for another brand according to his taste. Brand switching occurs for the sake of variety rather than dis rapture.3.10 Buying Decision ProcessThe consumers engage in a decision process to deal with the marketing environment and make purchases. The consumer goes through a series of logical s tages to arrive at the decision when he faces a problem which could be resolved through a purchase. A distinctive buying process consists of five stages. (Micheal and Elnora, 2000).2.10.1 Problem RecognitionThe purchase process starts where the buyer recognises a problem or need. The need maybe traveled by internal or external stimuli. Marketers need to identify the circumstances that trigger a particular need (Micheal, 2003). People have unsatisfied needs and wants that create tension or discomfort, which can be satisfied by acquiring and consuming goods and services. Hence, the process of deciding what to buy begins when there is a need and it can be satisfied through consumption.Mahatoo (1985), states that when the consumer becomes aware of a discrepancy between the existing state and a desired state, a need is aroused. The existing state is the total situation of a consumer, the period needs, attitudes, motives. The desired state is the situation after the kinds of changes the consumer wishes. Both these states are the functions of consumers motivation, reputation and last(prenominal) experience of cultural and social influences. Evans and Burman (1984), defines a stimulus as a cure intended to motivate a person to act. It can be social, commercial or non commercial. Need recognition shows a persons preparedness to act by becoming aware of a need but does not guarantee that the decision making process will continue. Kotler (2003), suggests that by gathering information from a number of consumers marketers can identify the most frequent stimuli that triggers an interest in a product category, thereby maturation marketing strategies that would create a spark in consumers interest.2.10.2 Information hunt clubWhen a consumer needs to gain knowledge about a product or service, he or she would be aroused to search for more information in the product category. Consumer information sources fall under four groupsPersonal sources Family, friends, neighboursCo mmercial sources Advertising, sales person, dealers, display boardsPublic sources Mass media, consumer-rating organizations observational sources Handling, examining, using the product.The relative amount and influences of these information sources vary with product category and consumer characteristics (Peter, Daniel and Nancy, 1986).Customer decisions are based on a combination of past experiences and marketing information. Past experience is considered as an internal source of information. great the past experience, lesser the external information the consumer is likely to seek to make a decision. Baker (2000), states that if there is a sufficiently high level of involvement with the problem, the consumers are likely to engage in a complex and extensive information search. If the involvement level is low, they are likely to use a very simple information search.Kotler (2003), states that by gathering information the consumer learns about competing brands and their features. There will be lot of brands available to the consumer in a product category, in which only a few brands the consumer would be aware of (awareness set). Among these brands, few brands will meet consumers initial buying criteria (consideration set). As the consumer gathers more information only a few brands would remain (choice set). every(prenominal) the brands in the choice set might be acceptable.2.10.3 Evaluation of AlternativesThere is no single evaluation process used by all customers or by one customer in all buying situations. The consumers view each product as a bundle of attributes with vary abilities of delivering the benefits needed to satisfy them. The attributes of interest to buyers vary by product. Consumers will chip in most attention to attributes that deliver benefits (Mary, James and John, 1997). Once a choice set has been identified, the consumer evaluates them before making a decision. The evaluation involves establishing some criteria against which each alternativ e is compared. The criteria that consumers use in the evaluation results from their past experience and feelings towards various brands as well as the opinions of family, friends, etc. (Stanton, Etzel and Walker, 1994). The product related attributes such as quality, durability, price, design, etc. Influence the buying decision of a consumer. A way to narrow down the products in the choice set is to dive an attribute and then exclude all products in the set that does not possess that attribute (Lamb and McDaniel, 1992). Thus the choice which possesses all the required product related attributes can be selected.2.10.4 Purchase DecisionFrom the evaluation process discussed about, consumer will reach their final purchase decision which is made up of five purchase sub decisions Brand decision, Vendor decision, Quantity decision, time decision and Payment method decision (Joseph and Howard, 1987). After evaluation, the first thing in mind would be to purchase the product or not. If the decision is to buy, a series of related decisions must be made regarding the features, where and when to make the actual transaction, how to take delivery, a mode of payment and other issues. So a decision to purchase starts an entirely new series of decisions that may be time consuming and difficult. Selecting a source from which a purchase can be made is also a buying decision (Stanton, Etzel and Walker, 1994). A consumers decision to modify, postpone or avoid a purchase decision is heavily influenced by risk. The amount of risk varies with the extent of money at stake, the amount of attribute uncertainty and amount of self confidence. Marketers must understand the factors that create a feeling of risk in the consumer, thereby providing information and support to reduce the risk (Kotler, 2003).2.10.5 Post Purchase BehaviourEvery customer after buying a product will experience either satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Hence the marketers job does not end when the product is bought i t must be monitored for post purchase satisfaction and post purchase actions. A very important stage of the consumers decision is the impact of current decisions on the future purchasing behaviour. Mahatoo (1985) says that three general outcomes are possible. They are2.10.5.1 SatisfactionSatisfaction occurs when a product performs according to antepasts. The brand chosen has served to fulfil the customers needs and thus reinforces the response of purchasing the brand, which also means that beliefs and attributes about the brand are positively influenced and the likeliness of repurchase is increased.2.10.5.2 DissatisfactionDissatisfaction occurs in the reverse situation, when the products performance is not up to the expectation it leads to negative belief and attributes about the brand. A dissatisfied customer is not likely to recommend the product to others. The results of satisfaction and dissatisfaction are recorded in long term memory and become inputs to the internal search o f the firm. So the marketers must be careful in satisfying the needs and expectations of the customers.2.10.5.3 cognitive DissonanceCognitive dissonance occurs when the consumer experiences a feeling of doubt or psychological discomfort about the choice made. It is often felt right after the purchase when the consumer begins to have second thoughts about the product chosen. Dissonance is more likely to occur in complex decision making with high involvement purchases. Dissonance can come from a personal source from advertisement or from experience with the product. Post purchase evaluation is important to marketers because positive evaluation increases the probability of repeat purchases and brand loyalty. ban or doubtful thoughts increase the probability that different alternatives will be considered next time when the need arises (Husted, Varble and Lowry, 1989).2.11 Factors influencing the behaviour of buyershttp//www.ac.wwu.edu/market/380dir/cbinfluence.jpgSource (http//blog.one shotmarketing.com/2010/08/consumer-buying-behavior-the-laws-of-attraction/ accessed on 20/10/10 at 9.15pm)Consumer behaviour is affected by many uncontrollable factors. shade is one of the factors that influence behaviour. Culture can be defined as our attitudes and beliefs. It is developed along with age in the society. For an individual growing up, a child is influenced by their parents, brothers and sisters. They learn about their religion and culture which helps them to develop opinions, attitudes and beliefs (Richard, 1976). These factors will influence a buying behaviour of the consumer, other factors like friends or people they look up may also influence their choices of purchasing a particular product. Culture is the most basic cause of a persons wants and behaviour. Culture is learned from family, church, school, peers, colleagues. It reflects basic values, perceptions, wants, and behaviours. Cultural shifts create opportunities for new products or may otherwise influence consumer behaviour.Peoples social status plays an important role in the consumer buying behaviour. friendly class distinctions allow companies to position their products to appeal to certain social classes. The easiest example is automobiles. Marketing for Mercedes Benz is completely different from the marketing campaign from Honda or Toyota because they target individuals from the upper class. Another powerful and easy factor that companies manipulate in their marketing efforts is the social factor. To be part of a group, or represent a certain lifestyle, you must have certain possessions. Personal and mental factors are very specific realms and the target market segment becomes even smaller. That means even less amount of people can use these products. This reflects in higher prices to account for the decrease in volume2.12 imitates of Consumer BehaviourThe various models of consumer behaviour as per (Ramasamy and Namakumari, 1990) are stated as follows2.12.1 The economic Mode lAccording to the economic model of buyer behaviour, the buyer is a rational man and his buying decisions are totally governed by the concept of utility. If the customer has certain amount of purchasing power, a set of needs to be met and a set of products in a very rational manner with the intentions of maximising the utility or benefits.2.12.2 The Learning ModelAccording to the learning model, buying behaviour can be influenced by manipulating the drivers, stimuli and responses of the buyers. The model rests on mans ability at learning, forgetting and discriminating.2.12.3 The Psychoanalytical ModelAccording to this model the individual consumer has a complex set of deep stated motives that drive him towards certain buying decisions. The buyer has a private world with all his hidden fears, suppressed desires and totally subjective longings. His buying action can be influenced by appealing to these desires and longings.2.12.4 The Sociological ModelAccording to the sociological mode l, the individual buyer is influenced by society, by inmate groups as well as social classes. His buying decisions are not totally governed by utility, he has a desire to emulate, follow, and fit in with his immediate environment. several(prenominal) of his buying decisions may be governed by societal compulsions.2.12.5 The Nicosia ModelEfforts have been made by marketing scholars to build buyer behaviour models from the marketing mans point of view. The Nicosia model and the Howard and Sheth model are two important models. Both of them belong to the category called the systems model where the human being is analysed as the system with stimuli as the input to the system and behaviour as the output of the system. The Nicosia model tries to establish the link between a firm and its customers, how the activities of the firm influences the consumer and results in the buying decision. The information from the firm influences the consumer towards the product, thereby he develops a certain attitude towards the product causing him to search or

Effect of Government Debt on Incentives for Money Creation

Effect of governance Debt on Incentives for M unitaryy CreationAbdullahi AhmadWhy might the level of establishment debt affect the political science fillip regarding to funds creation.Government debt ( besides known as public debt and national debt) is the debt owed by a important organization. Government debt is one method of financing government operations, but it is not the only method. Governments heap alike draw property to monetize their debts, on that pointby removing the need to consecrate sake. But this practice simply reduces government interest tolls or else than truly cancelling government debt, and can termination in hyperinflation if utilize unsparingly. prevalent debt is one result of government financing expenditures. It is different from private debt, which consists of the obligations of individual(a)s, businesses, and nongovernmental organizations. semipublic debt comes ab discover as a result of taxing and borrowing by the federal government. T he U.S. government has large capital outlays for such purposes as expression or improving schools, hospitals, and highways. In order to honorarium for these projects, the government moldiness finance part of their expenditures. When a government borrows cash it also avoids the inordinate tax burden that such payments would involve in a case-by-case tax period. Public borrowing is gener solelyy believed to produce an inflationary deed on the economic system and for that close is often resorted to in recessionary periods to wake investment, employment, and consumption. The debt owed by national governments is usu on the wholey referred to as the national debt and is olibanum noble from the public debt of state and local governing bodies. In the United States, bonds issued by states and local governments ar known as municipals. In the past, paper property was frequently regarded as a portion of the public debt, but in more recent years capital has been regarded as a un adorned type of obligation, in part because it is usually no longer account payable in gold, silver, or other specific items of intrinsic value. Public debt, which is also approximately snips referred to as government debt, is all of the property owed at either given time by any branch of the government. It encompasses debt owed by the federal government, the state government, and even the municipal and local government. It is, in effect, an extension of personalised debt, since individuals arrest up the revenue stream of the government. Public debt accrues over time when the government spends more cash than it collects in taxation. As a government engages in more deficit spending, the centre of debt annexs. Many different types of debt make up public debt. A great deal of it is external debt, which is coin that is owed by the government to foreign lenders, either in the form of internationalist organizations, other governments, or groups like sovereign wealth funds, which invest in government bonds. Government debt is also made up of internal debt, where citizens and groups within the country lend the government bills to continue operating. In some ways, this is a lot like lending to oneself, since ultimately the responsibility for it waterfall back on the very people lending notes.Government incentive simply means something that motivates an individual to perform an movement. The chew over of incentive structures is telephone exchange to the study of all economic activities ( twain in terms of individual decision-making and in terms of cooperation and competition within a larger institutional structure). economic analysis, thus, of the differences between societies (and between different organizations within a ball club) largely amounts to characterizing the differences in incentive structures faced by individuals involved in these collective efforts. Ultimately, incentives objective to provide value for money and contribute to organizati onal success. incentive is not peculiar to political economy alone, it is a general term used in many spheres of life. However, in economics, it is a very important word. In occurrence you can never study economics successfully without understanding what incentives be. unity American economist orders that economics in its entirety is a study of peoples response to incentives. Whether that statement is accurate or not is subject to ones point of view, but what comes out distinctly is the fact that incentives are truly central to the study of economics. In economics one can say that an incentive is a win, reward, or cost that motivates an economic action. Human beings do things deliberately and purposefully, and, naturally, people expect to take in from their own decisions and actions. Before someone decides to produce something and sell it to people, they should have taken time to think and decide that doing this pass on help them earn something. Likewise, forward a consume r buys anything, they know (or at least they think) that they are going to benefit from the harvest-home. In strict sense, it is more than just the usual concepts or workmanship and economics, it is about human nature. No one does something for no reason. Not when they have to spend time and resources in doing so. Incentives can be grouped into quatern main categories, or types. These types of incentives apply both to economics and to other spheres of life. These are as follows,Financial incentives Perhaps in the modernistic times, financial incentives are more dominant. Before you get to business, you know that it is forever about profit. workplace is all about salary and remuneration. It is true that sometimes people do voluntary jobs for some reasons other than financial ones. But ultimately, the main reason why human beings do business or work at all in modern days is money. It is this type of incentive that informs the base of product promotions, where people are told th at if they buy a certain product they stand a chance of winning a certain amount of money.Moral incentives Moral incentives motivate people to do things on the al-Qaida of salutary and wrong. People are encouraged to do certain action because morally, it is the rightfulness thing to do. Aspects of morality today are quite diverse, alter in the main from one society to the next, and it is practically impossible to define ethical motive of society in general. Moral incentives on that pointfore generally appeal to an individuals own conscience.Natural incentives What will happen if I do this? We often ask ourselves. Humans are naturally curious creatures, and we do many things for no reason other than to find out what the consequences are. haughty incentives Moral incentives motivate people to do things on the basis of right and wrong. People are encouraged to do certain action because morally, it is the right thing to do. Aspects of morality today are quite diverse, varying wid ely from one society to the next, and it is practically impossible to define morals of society in general. Moral incentives therefore generally appeal to an individuals own conscience.In economics, money creation is the act by which the of a country is increased. A central rim building may introduce newly money into the economy (termed expansionary monetary policy) by purchasing financial assets or lending money to financial institutions. Commercial bank lending then multiplies this base money through fractional reserve banking, which expands the total of broad money (cash plus demand deposits). Also money creation is The process in which banks increase the amount of funds in checkable deposits by use reserves to make loans. Money creation is an important process in the economy because it means that the government does not have total moderate over the money supply.In view of the above definition there is a high link between debt and money creation. Therefore, the monetary sur eness of a nation which is usually the central Bank helps to effectively creates money by implementing policy through its frank Market Operation. To create money, the Central Bank simply buys government securities such as exchequer Bills, Treasury Certificates and Treasury Bonds from participating banking institutions. entirely these Treasury securities are bought in the Open Market. These exchequer certificates are exchange for money which the commercial bank will have in their possession to give as loans to members of the public and it tends to increase bank credit. Thus, stimulating money creation.However, money creation could be curb as government debt increases which could either be as a result of necessity or deliberate, if government as a result of necessity want to borrow money it usually does these through the treasury plane section under the Central Bank. There for the Treasury Department of a nation, in order to raise cash, will print up a passel of Treasury bonds, which are the means by which the government borrows money, these government debt tends to pip up the supply of money in private banks as central bank do not deal directly with members of the public and thus reducing the index of commercial bank to lend money. The supply of money could also be restricted by government deliberately by selling treasury certificate at an attractive interest thus limiting the commercial bank ability to give loans and thus create money.It should be interesting to know that the money created by the government is also created through debt because as it is the money used in buying treasury certificates was a result of monetizing of debt because the money created out of thin air by the Central Bank on behalf of government is a promise to pay without attracting interest. Hence debt is use to pay debt. In this case debt without obligation is used to pay debt with obligation.Invariably money could be created through debt and as headspring restricted through debt it all depends on which form of debt government is using.If government uses debt with obligations, that is when government sells treasury certificates to raise cash and thus restrict the ability of commercial bank to create money. If however, government uses debt without obligation, that is when the government print money to buy treasury securities and as such enable the commercial bank to increase their lending power. This brings more money to the economy because the commercial bank will be able to give out more loans from the money received from the sale of treasury securities.So now we know that there are two kinds of money out there.The first is bank credit, which is money that is loaned into existence, as we saw here. Bank credit is a type of money that comes with an equal and offsetting amount of debt associated with it. Debt upon which interest must be paid.The first is that all cash or money of a nation are support by debt. At the local bank level, all new money is loa ned into existence. At the Federal Reserve level, money is simply manufactured out of thin air and then exchanged for interest-paying government debt. In both cases, the money is backed by debt. Debt that pays interest. From this Key Concept, we can formulate a truly profound statement, which is that at a minimum, each year plentiful new money must be loaned into existence to cover the interest payments on all of the past outstanding debt.If we flip this slightly, we can say that each year all the outstanding debt must compound by at least the rate of the interest on that debt. each and every(prenominal) year it must grow by some percentage. Because our debt-based money organisation is growing by some percentage continually, it is an exponential system by its very design. A corollary of this is that the amount of debt in the system will always exceed the amount of money.By understanding its design, though, one will be better equipped to understand that the potential range of futu re outcomes for our economy are not limitless, but rather bounded by the rules of the system.All of which leads us to the fact that perpetual expansion is a requirement of modern banking. In fact we can make a rule Each year, new credit (loans) must be made that at least equal the amount of all the outstanding interest payments that year. Without a perpetual expansion of the money supply, past debts would not be able to be serviced, and defaults would ripple through, and possibly destroy, the entire system. Defaults are the Achilles heel of a debt-based money system, which we saw in our local banking example in the previous chapter. Because of this, all the institutional and political forces in our society are geared towards avoiding this outcome.In view of the above money, government debt will help stimulate money creation if only there is more debt without obligation by government as against government debt with obligation. Conclusively, debt is money.

Changing Health Risk Behaviours: Benefits and Strategies

Changing wellness Risk Behaviours Benefits and StrategiesJose L. RiveraChanging Health Risk demeanours so People stick out Live Healthy and reproductive LivesHuman appearance plays a vital role in the deliverance of wellness as well as the ginmill of disease. In coiffure to reduce or decreased the significant morbidity and mortality connect with wellness- connect mien, health cargon professionals cook looked into object lessons of demeanor channelise to steer the ripening of strategies that promote the person protective proceedingion, decrease behaviors that amplify health risk of infection, and work on possible facilitateful adaptation to the development coping strategies with illness. According to Ragin (2011), a number of variant theories and mildews in psychology do been developed to explain human behavior. Some of them particularly designed to identify factors that explain authentic health behaviors while others were intended to explain general behaviors. Growing point advocates that efficient com vagabonder programs to change soulfulness health behavior involves a versatile approach to helping pack adopt, change, and maintain behavior. There ar virtu whollyy examples or theories employed by health psychologist help explain a range of health behaviors.The National barroom Strategy (NPS) of the United States surgical incision of Health and Health Services focuses on four Strategic Directions to comfort health behavior changes. These Strategic Directions atomic number 18 the foundation for a to a greater extent developed, conscientious and prevention oriented culture. The strategies have been developed to direct actions towards break health and to support Americans in leading longer and healthier lives (National Prevention Council, 2011). The following is a brief oerview of the strategies promoted in the NPSHealthy and well(p) companionship Environments Support communities that promote health and wellness by dint of prev ention as it is believed that more elements can affect health directly and also curve item-by-items health-related choices. A healthy community environment can help train healthy choices easy and affordable (National Prevention Council, 2011).Clinical and Community contraceptive device Services Make certain that prevention-focused health care and community prevention efforts are available and supported. Providing clinical and community rub go is the secernate component to improving and enhancing physical and mental health. With the Affordable Care bring people will be able to receive mevery clinical preventive services (National Prevention Council, 2011). charge People To support people in making healthier choices. While there are some policies and programs in which people can gather healthy options, they still request to be able to make healthy choices. In order to do that, people need to have access to more reasonable and get-at-able information and resources (Nationa l Prevention Council, 2011).Elimination of Health Disparities Eliminate disparities, improving the choice of life for all Americans. All Americans should have the opportunity to live a healthy and productive lives non field of study what. In United States, health differences are often closely linked with social, economic, or environmental discriminate but this differences can be eliminated at the same time the establishment tries to improve the health of all Americans (National Prevention Council, 2011).These strategies seem to follow approximately of the five behavior health change models and theories. The strategy Healthy and Safe Community Environments stated that many elements affects and incline peoples health related choices. Therefore, a healthy community environment can help individual(a)s make healthy choices (National Prevention Council, 2011). This seems to follows the surmise of Reason Action (TRA) in which the individuals behaviors are determined by his or her purports which are dispose by two factors, attitude about the behaviors and subjective norms. The intention is based on a conviction regarding the likely outcome of the behavior. conjecture of Reason Action suggests that some peoples behaviors are regulate by the opinions of those closer to them. However there are times in which individuals engage in behaviors that are inconsistent with the beliefs or values of those round them. Intentions correspond to a persons motivation that develops into a witting plan to exercise some kind of effort and perform the like behavior. Intentions are inclined by attitudes towards performing a particular behavior and social norms (Ragin, 2011).According to Gibbons et al., (2009), for a number of young people, health related behaviors, together with risky behaviors, much(prenominal) as casual sex or binge drinking are mostly intentional. However, for others these behaviors are often not intentional or planned or yet anticipated. Instead, they a re a response to circumstances, usually social, that were neither sought nor necessarily expected. If the young individual does not have an intention to not engage, then he or she is in danger for the many consequences that come with lack of preparation such as unplanned pregnancy, STIs, and even accidents.The NPS strategy of Clinical and Community preventative Services highlight the importance of preventive services and that the integration of those activities are vital to improving and enhancing physical and mental health. This seems to follow the Trans suppositious Model (TTM) of behavioural Change in which explains the individual changes as a process and not an event. Changes take place of time and as this strategy indicates, certain clinical preventive services have proven to be effective through decades of practice and look into (National Prevention Council, 2011).According to Ragin (2011), people move previous through five stages in order to attain successful behavioral change1) Pre-contemplative -There is a lack or no intention to change behavior,2) Contemplative The individual has started to consider change at some ill-defined time in the next months3) Preparation for action The person is considering or planning to make changes in the immediate in store(predicate)4) Action The individual engages in behavior change5) Maintenance In where a simmer down state of behavior change is achievedThe advantage of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) is that has general propositions for a number of areas of intervention development and implementation. This model of behavioral change is a suitable model for the enrollment of a circumstantial population because it makes a supposition about the promptness for change of a range of individuals. Therefore, the individual should be incorporated in an intervention group based on his/ her belonging to one of the Transtheoretical Model stages. The people in this model predominate themselves in different stages and interventions need to be modified to meet their particularized needs. In addition, conventional interventions frequently have high volume of dropout because the program does not match their particular needs (Ragin, 2011). So the benefit of applying this model is that TTM based interventions are intended to accommodate the needs of a specific group, this more likely guarantees a smaller volume of dropouts.The NPS strategy of Empowered People emphasize that people should have access to information and resources so they are empowered to make healthier choices (National Prevention Council, 2011). This seems to follow the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) which suggests people belief that they have the resources and the opportunities required to act upon a behavior is directly machine-accessible to their perceive control over their behavior. The essential postulation of TPB is the fact that beliefs are the essential reason of any behavior and consequently, risk behavior can be easily altered or changed by modifying the underlying beliefs. TPB also suggests that social norms, attitudes, and perceived behavioral control persuade intention that correspond to the proximal determinant of behavior (Ragin, 2011).Andrews, et al.,(2010) noted that childhood obesity problem in the United States has advantageously increased, with the proportion of children identified as overweight or at risk of becoming overweight more than doubling over the last 25 years. Given the extent of the predicament, a great number of intervention efforts and campaigns have been implemented, with a good number successful programs finding parental booking to be influential in decreasing childhood obesity rates. For the forcefulness of parental involvement to be maximized in available interventions, formative research needs to be performed on how parents view the predicament of adolescent obesity and their role in making possible a healthy lifestyle for their children.The benefit of applying th is model is that TPB has been extensively used since it offers a comprehensible theoretical account of the associations between intentions, attitudes, and behavior. In addition, it states how these constructs must be operationalized, which can make the design of behavior change interventions easier. Successful behavior change can be achieved when intentions are changed thorough either subjective norms, attitudes, or perceived behavioral control (Ragin, 2011).The NPS strategy of Elimination of Health Disparities stipulates that all Americans should have the opportunity to live a healthy life not matter their ethnicity, religion and social status. It also indicates that health disparities are usually connected to social, economic, and/ or environmental disadvantages (National Prevention Council, 2011). This seems to follow many or a combination of Models of Behavioral Change. Starting with Health imprint Model which whole kit on understanding why and under what conditions a person s eeks preventive health services (Ragin, 2011).According to Downing-Matibag and Geisinger (2009), the Health Belief Model presumes that the luck of an individual engaging in a definite health behavior is a function of a number of beliefs the degree to which the individual believes is predisposed to a particular illness the individuals opinion of the cruelty of the illness consequences the alleged costs or barriers of assuming a health behavior as well as the perceived benefits of assuming the sought after health behavior. These cognitive issues decide beliefs in personal health brat as well as the efficiency of a health behavior. Furthermore, the model proposes that certain prompts to action can set off health behavior when the appropriate health beliefs are held. One predicament with the Health Belief Model is that it does not identify how the different beliefs influence one other as well as how the clarifying issues are united to influence the individuals behavior. This ended i n different studies utilizing different shipway of analyzing variables such as multiplying vulnerability and taking away barriers from benefits. Another dilemma is that the authors presented no operational definition of the variables and this guided researchers to apply a different methodology in their studies.Based on NPS strategies, wellness and health are influenced by the environment or places, in which citizens learn, live, play and work. Existing establishment for prevention is strong, and the needs of more effective strategies are important for melioration in the usuals health. It is recommended that most effective types of strategies, policies, communications and media, should be implemented. Future evaluation and research together with well designed trials for many alternative and complementary medicine treatments will be significant to craft with unmet prevention and wellness needs in order to improve health. Neighborhoods, including schools, homes, public areas, and work locations, need to be more aware that they can be changed to support well being and furthermore, make healthy choices easy and affordable.The market plan recommended at this time is to develop a framework to put together in line prevention efforts, along with agencies collaboration, and keep up impetus at the state and local levels via media and commercials. Nevertheless, in order for the services to be more applicable to diverse group considerable heathenish conversions, as well as infrastructure changes inside and across all agencies, should take effect to make certain a healthier future for all.ReferencesAndrews, K. R., Silk, K. S., Eneli, I. U. (2010). Parents as Health Promoters A Theory of Planned Behavior billet on the Prevention of Childhood Obesity.Journal Of Health Communication,15(1), 95-107. inside10.1080/10810730903460567Downing-Matibag, T. M., Geisinger, B. (2009). Hooking up and sexual risk taking among college students a health belief model scene.Qualitat ive Health Research,19(9), 1196-1209. doi10.1177/1049732309344206Rueda, A., Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2009). Time estimation abilities in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimers disease. Neuropsychology, 23(2), 178-188. doi10.1037/a0014289.Gibbons, F. X., Houlihan, A. E., Gerrard, M. (2009). Reason and reaction The utility of a dual-focus, dual-processing perspective on promotion and prevention of adolescent health risk behaviour. British Journal Of Health psychological science,14(2), 231-248.National Prevention Council, (2011). National Prevention Strategy, Washington, DCU.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General.Ragin,D.(2011). Health Psychology An interdisciplinary approach to health. Upper Saddle River, N.J.Pearson Education.Radecki Breitkopf, C., Asiedu, G., Egginton, J., Sinicrope, P., Opyrchal, S., Howell, L., Boardman, L. (2014). An investigation of the colorectal malignant neoplastic disease experience and receptivity to family-based can cer prevention programs.Supportive Care In Cancer,22(9), 2517-2525. doi10.1007/s00520-014-2245-9

Discuss Four Models Of Strategic Change Business Essay

Discuss Four forges Of Strategic turn Business adjudicateNow-a-days entirely giving medications argon facing a variety of ch totallyenges caused by budge in internal and/or external environment of the organization. Change itself is changing at ever increasing rate resulting in uncertainty and insecurity.For organizations to backpack through growth and development stage need to shake a proactive approach to strategic vary counseling.There are legion(predicate) theories about(predicate) how to manage transmute. John P Kotter, Leadership and transfigure management expert, introduced his eight-step revision process which is very triumphful. According to these steps1 implant a sense of UrgencyWhen any(prenominal) raft in the organization nonice some susceptibility, need to change takes piazza. It then involves simplifying goals and objectives, setting deadlines, represent consequences and finally feedback. It motivates the people and leads them to action.2 Form a Po werful guide CoalitionIt highlights the level of uncertainty involved and the level of collaboration that is demand to overcome the metro to change. Generally starts with iodine or two people then gradually grows involving more and more people who believe that change is in any right smart unimportant.3 Create a tidy sum for ChangeWhen you initiatory start thinking about change, there will credibly be many a(prenominal) great ideas and solutions floating around. Link these concepts to an overall flock that people set up grasp easily and remember.4 Communicate the VisionWhat you do with your stack after you compel it will determine your success. Your mental object will probably have strong competition from otherwise day-to-day communications within the phoner, so you need to communicate it frequently and powerfully, and establish it within everything that you do.5 Remove ObstaclesIf you follow these steps and reach this manoeuver in the change process, youve been talk ing about your vision and building buy-in from all levels of the organization. Hopefully, your staff wants to get busy and achieve the benefits that youve been promoting.6 Create short-run WinsNothing motivates more than success. Give your guild a taste of success early in the change process. Within a short fourth dimension frame (this could be a month or a year, depending on the type of change), youll want to have results that your staff piece of tail see. Without this, critics and negative thinkers capability hurt your progress.7 Build on the ChangeAccording to Kotter that many change projects fail because success is declared too early. Real change runs deep. Quick success are only the beginning of what necessarily to be do to achieve long-term change.8 Anchor the Changes in collective Culture lastly, to make any change stick, it should become part of the message of your organization. Your corporate culture often determines what gets done, so the values behind your vision must show in day-to-day work.Model 2 checkly there is another theorist Kubler-Ross who presents five stages transition cycle and jibe to Kubblers illustration for many years, people with terminal illnesses were an embarrassment for doctors. Someone who could not be cured was evidence of the doctors fallibility, and as a result the doctors regularly shunned the dying with the excuse that there was nothing more that could be done (and that there was plenty of other demand on the doctors beat).Elizabeth Kbler-Ross was a doctor in Switzerland who railed against this unkindness and spent a lot of time with dying people, both comforting and studying them. She wrote a book, called On expiration and Dying which included a cycle of emotional states that is often referred to ( barely not exclusively called) the affliction Cycle.The Extended Grief CycleThe Extended Grief Cycle can be shown as in the chart below, indicating the roller-coaster driving force of activity and passivity as the someone wriggles and turns in their desperate efforts to vitiate the change.The initial state before the cycle is received is stable, at to the lowest degree in terms of the subsequent reaction on hear the wild news. Compared with the ups and downs to come, even if there is some variation, this is indeed a stable state.And then, into the sedate of this relative paradise, a bombshell bursts.Denial stage Trying to revoke the inevitable.Anger stage Frustrated outpouring of bottled-up emotion.Bargaining stage seeking in vain for a way out.Depression stage Final realization of the inevitable.Acceptance stage Finally finding the way forward.Model 3While many change management projects focus on the steps necessary for organisational change, ADKAR emphasises that successful organisational change occurs only when each person is able to transition successfully.The ADKAR model consists of five sequential steps or actionsAwareness of the need for change.Understanding why change is ne cessary is the first key aspect of successful change. Planned communication is essential. When this step is successfully completed the one-on-one (employee) will fully understand why change is necessary.Desire to participate in and support the change.In this step the individual is able to reach a point where they make a individualised decision to support the change and participate in the change. Building believe is partly achieved by addressing incentives for the individual and creating a desire to be a part of the change.Knowledge on how to change.The third building block of the model, providing experience about the change, can be achieved through normal training and pedagogy methods. Other methods of transferring knowledge, such as coaching, forums and mentoring, are equally useful, so dont situate this process to formal training.Ability to implement required skills and behaviors.In the ADKAR model Ability is the difference between theory and practice. Once knowledge on how to change is in place (theory) the practice, or actual performance of the individual, needs to be supported.Reinforcement to sustain the change.This final stage of the model is an essential component in which efforts to sustain the change are emphasised. Ensuring that changes stay in place and that individuals do not revert to old ways can be achieved through positive feedback, rewards, recognition, measuring performance and taking disciplinal actions.Model 4 The McKinsey 7S model involves seven interdependent factors which are categorize as either vexed or soft elements inviolable ElementsdodgeStructureSystems squeezable ElementsShared ValuesSkillsStyleStaffHard elements are easier to define or identify and management can instantaneously influence them These are strategy statements organization charts and reporting lines and formal processes and IT systems.Soft elements, on the other hand, can be more difficult to describe, and are less tangible and more influenced by culture. However, these soft elements are as important as the hard elements if the organization is going to be successful. project 1 B)Evaluate the relevance of these models of Strategic Change to the Zurich pecuniary run Plc in the current economy. (LO 1.2)Explanation Above discussed all four models have a value in the change management strategy exclusively how can we evaluate these models according to the current economical condition of Zurich financial Services Ltd. Lets have a look one by one to all given models and apply them to the Case Study given above.Zurich monetary Services Ltd. is established since past five decades and committed to customers satisfaction companys all stakeholders and its employees devotedly working with the company precisely the companys decision of expanding globally create a kind of uncertainty among its employees as well as its other stakeholders. So why this is happening? And what should company need to overcome this trim down?According to Kubler-Ross transition cycle stakeholders of Zurich Financial company after hearing the decision of expansion have a kind of uncertainty about company and their own upcoming in this way there is mathematical way of stakeholders to start looking some other place for their break and stable future and in this way employees are right on their side but if company creates a sense of belongingness with its stakeholders and give them splendor clarify its decision and its need for not only companys own but withal for the more incentives for its stakeholders then according to this model stakeholder will piddle the change process more easily and support the decision as compared to resist on it.Proscis model is saying the same thing but in different way and according to ADKAR awareness of need of change should be established among employees and that awareness create a kind of future incentives desire in stakeholders then company provide knowledge or ability required for change that what steps shoul d company required for future development and how to continue these skills and abilities for longer term sustainability.McKinseys 7S are clearly specify all the elements which are directly and indirectly effect the companys decision hard elements are easily to be carried with the decision taken by Zurich company but this is not possible for company to carried soft element also with its decision at the same time because soft elements required some time to accept any kind of change in their way of working or routine methodology.So in short according to current economic condition company will not be able to carried out its decision without keeping all the aspects in bear in mind and by doing so company will face an unbearable resistance globally which will not in favor of companys future.Task 1 C) Asses the value of utilize strategic hinderance techniques in organaization. (LO 1.3)Explanation any organizational development process starts with the identification of problems that ca n be lick within the organization. This process progresses through different stages and determines satisfactory progress do for additional involvement. The procedure is cyclic and terminates only when desired result is obtained. It can also be a series of trial and error and a discovery of the best practices that can be implemented in the organization.Zurich Financial Services Ltd. is facing tha same problem but by utilize strategic change management model this company will be able to change its current cenario and remove all the obstacles with its strategic intervention and such interventions not only provide a boost to the company but also help it out to make a place in the global business what interventions will be more cooperative for its productivity ?These are Problem identification Situational assessment Action readiness/ planning of the intervention Implement plan/ implementing the intervention Gather information/ collect data to evaluate the intervention Determining t he results FeedbackBy using these techniques as the companys future strategy interventions Zurich Financial Services Ltd. have expert chances not oly for its globally growth but also meet the up coming challenges with its strong team of all stakeholders.

Age Of Reason Essay -- essays research papers

Stein 2Certain Individuals that lived in the period of time know as the Age of Reason observe some an(prenominal) knew inventions and advancements to improve the quality of life. When experimented with, these advant senesces brought forth knew ideas to extraordinary mass who eternally changed the way we look at life. Although many people found these discoveries to conduce a great revival to mankind, others spurned these new improvements and felt as if they were defying god. These years were full of discoveries, conflicts, and new visions that of the world. The age of agent brought on many changes to religious, governmental, scientific, and literary aspects of the 18th century.Ever since the beginning of time, religion has been the dominating reference work of modestness. People have turned to prayer and spirituality for a moxie of control and understanding in their lives. Not until the years of the age of reason was there an preference proposed for a better method of in terpreting things. This alternative method was science. Although scientific thought spread rapidly, religion was not forgotten. religious belief controlled many things science could not. It gave people a sense of why they atomic number 18 here and why things occur. This understanding results in sanity and calmness. During the age of reason, people who kept religion flourishing were Ethan Allen, doubting Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, and Patrick Henry. In Thomas Paines The Crisis, No. 1, he uses vivid imagery and rhetorical techniques to channel the audience into believing his point. Even the expression is impious for so countless a power can belong only to God.(Paine). In Ethan Allens Reason only Oracle of Man, reason is taught finished the eyes of an oracle, or someone whom God speaks to the people through. A religious revival that flourished virtually this point in history was called Deism. Deism beliefs differed in many ship canal than the traditional religions for its ma jor concept was that God spoke through everyone, not only a particular chosen one. Franklin, Paine, and Jefferson all participated as active Deists, abandoning their previous religion from which they were raised. A key aspect that attracted many people to Deism was that its goal was to achieve goodness and prosperity passim the world. Although this way of persuasion seemed to have no faults, there was the share of those who rejected this idea. As rationalism spread in th... ...cements made in the political movement of the age of reason are what give the basis and check of our successful governments today.The age of reason also contributed a great literary works. Gaining more common sense, authors were able to use more abstract thinking in their writing and talk about truth rather because fantasy or fiction. Some of the great authors of this time include crowd together Madison and Alexander Hamilton (the Federalist Papers), Franklin and Jeffersons Autobiographies, and Michel Gui llaume Jean de Crevecoeur (Letters from an American farmer). As literary works were at their peaks, poetry was on the duller, unoriginal side. It was often write in direct imitations of the British and had no thought or reason behind it. Great poetry would be soon to come in the age of romanticism. The age of reason brought on many changes to religious, political, scientific, and literary aspects of the eighteenth century. With advancements, improvements and intelligence improving rapidly through everyone who lived at in that time, the age of reason was more of a turning point in the melodic phrase of history then just a period of time.

Eccentric Artists and Mad Scientists Essay -- Biology Essays Research

Creativity and Irrational Forces Eccentric Artists and Mad Scientists Men nurse called me mad, but the question is non yet settled, whether madness is or is not the loftiest intelligence--whether much that is glorious--whether all that is profound--does not spring from disease of thought--from moods of mind majestic at the expense of the general intellect. Those who dream by day be cognizant of human racey things which escape those who dream only by night- Edgar Allen Poe Imagination is more important than knowledge - Albert Einstein Is creative aesthesis somehow woven together with madness? According to the dictionary, to create is to admit into being or form out of nothing. Such a powerful, mysterious, and plain impossible act must surely be beyond the background signal of scientific inquiry. No wonder creativity has for so long been explained as the expression of an irrational, intuitive psychic underground teaming with forces (perhaps divine) that are unknown and unknowa ble (at least to the fair, rational mind). The ancient Greeks believed creative inspiration was achieved through neutered states of mind such as divine madness. Socrates said If a man comes to the door of poetry untouched by the madness of the muses, believing that technique al unrivalled will make him a good poet, he and his sane compositions never reach perfection, but are utterly eclipsed by the inspired madman (8). Creative inspiration - particularly artistic inspiration -- has practically been thought to require the sampling of dark depths of irrationality while maintaining at least some connection to everyday reality. This dive into underground forces reminds one of a skin-diver with a breathing tube wrote Arthur Koestler in his potent book... ...ay.html15) Divergent thinking - J.P. Guilford , Guilford s divergent production operation identifies a come of different types of creative abilities. http//www.cll.wayne.edu/isp/drbowen/CRTVYW99/Guilford.htm16) The Gift of Satu rn Creativity and Psychopathology -- Antonio Preti , Antonio Preti, MD Paola Miotto, MD CMG, Psychiatry branch via Costantinopoli 42, 09129 Cagliari, Italy http//serendip.brynmawr.edu/serendipia/Serendipia-Preti.html17) Circadian Rhythms Factor in Rapid- Cycling bipolar Disorder by Ellen Leibenluft , M.D. Psychiatric Times May 1996 Vol. XIII consequence 5 http//www.mhsource.com/edu/psytimes/p960533.jhtml?_requestid=61257918) Creativity and unpredictability -- Margaret Boden , http//shr.stanford.edu/shreview/4-2/text/boden.html19) Famous Quotes - Einstein , http//stripe.colorado.edu/judy/ originator/famous.html

Essay --

Hong 1Rebecca HongMs. GeersEnglish 10H/417 January 2014People bump off Choices, Choices Make History The five major types of people involved in whatsoever genocide or human rights abuse---perpetrators, victims, bystanders, rescuers, and upstanders---all shape history. Peoples choices atomic number 18 always hugely influential in historical events, and the Holocaust is no exception. The perpetrators of the Holocaust were arguably the most influential of the five types of people. They were able to start up millions of Germans to turn a blind eye to millions of crimes against humanity. By taking prefer of historical Jewish oppression, utilizing propaganda and security review to create a strong overriding discourse preaching anti-Semitism in Germany, and creating various us-them mentalities, the perpetrators of the Holocaust changed the identities of bystanders, shape their choices, and changed history. Bystanders were one of the most pivotal groups of the Holocaust. As Elie Wiesel reminds us, The victims perished not only because of the annihilateers, only also because of the apathy of the bystanderThose who perished were victims of Nazism and of society (Why Were There So Few). For the most part, German civilians morose a blind eye, allowing the Holocaust to happen. As a German bystander later recalled, If I had refused to take the oath of loyalty in 1935, it would train meant that thousands and thousands like me, all over Germany, were refusing to take it. Their refusal would puzzle heartened millions. Thus, the regime would have been overthrown, or, indeed, would never have come to power in the first step forwardThousands, hundreds of Hong 2thousandswere also unprep bed to resistThus, the world was lost (Do You Take the blighter?). How could milli... ...zens were capable of standing by in the face of genocide. Anti-Semitism was everywhere, and censorship meant that dissent was nowhere to be found. The identities of bystanders changed the constant propaganda forced Nazi ideology into their identities. As Holocaust survivor Garmaine Pitchon stated, I dont despise the Germans. The Germans are good people. The only people I hate are Hitler and Mengelethey killed my family (Auschwitz, Evil at Play). The perpetrators of the Holocaust are ultimately the ones who corrupted civilians and turned them into bystanders. The perpetrators bombarded the German citizens with propaganda until they internalized Nazi allegationsand excluded entire groups from their universe of obligation (Vashem), giving in to the dominant discourse of the time. The perpetrators successfully brainwashed millions, in order to kill millions more.

Radio Frequency Identification Essay -- Cyberstudies Art Technology Es

radiocommunication Frequency Identification Select 1 particular area of the arts, media or communication industries and demonstrate the way in which new technologies could influence future day developments in that fieldThis is the most heartbreaking engineering science humanity has capture up with since the nuclear bomb. Our childrens generation result judge us by how we handle this (Centaur communication theory, 2003). What doable atrocities could this be in reference to? Could it be ibn Talal Hussein Husseins hidden weapons of pack destruction, or perhaps an foe to genetic engineering? No, this is a literary argument from marketing academic Albrecht describing piano tuner Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. What is RFID and what are the connotations of adopting this technology on future generations? This write up result attempt to answer these questions by examining the following issues Firstly it will start by providing an explanation and explanation of RF ID. Next it will discuss possible future developments of this technology as being currently explored by major corporations as well as the public concerns related to possible developments. Finally it will look at the probability of these predictions becoming veracity and assess the advantages and disadvantages of these predictions coming to fruition.RFID is fundamentally a form of active unidirectional communication, where electronic tags are programmed with unique breeding which enables objects to be identified or tracked by receivers. These tags can then be placed on almost an infinite array of items much(prenominal) as pallets, clothing, vehicles, grocery items and yet animals, which opens up a vast hunt of possible uses for them (Advanstar Communications, 1999). RFID tags could be explained as a type of revolutionary bar... ...ontline Solutions, 7, p48.Centaur Communications Ltd. (2003). Insight Tagging along. New Media Age, p24.Forester, T. (1987). sophisticated societ y. Oxford Basil Blackwell Ltd.James, G. (2004). Cant efface your prying eyes. Computerworld, 9, p35-36.Jones, P., Clarke-Hill, C., Shears, P., Comfort, D. & Hillier, D. (2004). Radio absolute frequency identification in the UK opportunities and challenges. International diary of Retail & Distribution Management, 32, p164-171.Lillo. A. (2004). instal of the future is here today. Home Textiles Today, 19, p11.Neff, J. (2003). P&G products to wear wire. advertise Age, 50, p1.Rosenberg, J. (2003). Bye-bye to bar codes. Editor & Publisher, 36, p20.Stackpole, B. (2003). RFID finds its place. electronic Business, 9, p42.Wagstaff, J. (2003). Eyes on you, the shopper. furthermost Eastern Economic Review, 31, p31. Radio Frequency Identification Essay -- Cyberstudies artistic creation Technology EsRadio Frequency Identification Select one particular area of the arts, media or communication industries and discuss the way in which new technologies could influence future dev elopments in that fieldThis is the most dangerous technology humanity has come up with since the nuclear bomb. Our childrens generation will judge us by how we handle this (Centaur Communications, 2003). What possible atrocities could this be in reference to? Could it be Saddam Husseins hidden weapons of mass destruction, or perhaps an opposition to genetic engineering? No, this is a statement from marketing academic Albrecht describing Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. What is RFID and what are the connotations of adopting this technology on future generations? This paper will attempt to answer these questions by examining the following issues Firstly it will start by providing an explanation and definition of RFID. Next it will discuss possible future developments of this technology as being currently explored by major corporations as well as the public concerns related to possible developments. Finally it will look at the probability of these predictions becoming reality and assess the advantages and disadvantages of these predictions coming to fruition.RFID is fundamentally a form of active one-way communication, where electronic tags are programmed with unique information which enables objects to be identified or tracked by receivers. These tags can then be placed on almost an infinite array of items such as pallets, clothing, vehicles, grocery items and even animals, which opens up a vast range of possible uses for them (Advanstar Communications, 1999). RFID tags could be explained as a type of revolutionary bar... ...ontline Solutions, 7, p48.Centaur Communications Ltd. (2003). Insight Tagging along. New Media Age, p24.Forester, T. (1987). High-tech society. Oxford Basil Blackwell Ltd.James, G. (2004). Cant hide your prying eyes. Computerworld, 9, p35-36.Jones, P., Clarke-Hill, C., Shears, P., Comfort, D. & Hillier, D. (2004). Radio frequency identification in the UK opportunities and challenges. International Journal of Retail & Distr ibution Management, 32, p164-171.Lillo. A. (2004). Store of the future is here today. Home Textiles Today, 19, p11.Neff, J. (2003). P&G products to wear wire. Advertising Age, 50, p1.Rosenberg, J. (2003). Bye-bye to bar codes. Editor & Publisher, 36, p20.Stackpole, B. (2003). RFID finds its place. Electronic Business, 9, p42.Wagstaff, J. (2003). Eyes on you, the shopper. Far Eastern Economic Review, 31, p31.