A Research On My Sophomore Honors English Class - 1693 Words

Over the past three years my sophomore honors English class completed a project-based unit where students publish a thoughtful collection of narrative nonfiction writing in which they tell specific family stories. Along the way students conduct interviews to produce a journalistic piece of writing and then utilize creative writing techniques to develop characters, settings and use selected literary devices. The project culminates with the publishing and launching of a hardbound copy book using professional methods and local collaboration. Why this project? Why a project-based unit? Four years ago our high school began the journey of opening a school within our school that would offer a project-based experience. The desire is to†¦show more content†¦StoryCorps.org is an organization whose mission is â€Å"to provide people of all backgrounds and beliefs with the opportunity to record, share, and preserve the stories of our lives.† StoryCorps furnishes a lesson that introduces students to their mission and helps students learn basic skills in interviewing and storytelling. During this students explore the meaning of story, watch and listen to video clips from StoryCorps, collaborate with classmates on interviewing techniques, and share strategies for improving an interview. StoryCorps also supplies a list of selected questions which is divided into specific categories like: â€Å"Questions for parents,† â€Å"Questions about growing up,† â€Å"Questions about serious illness,† or â€Å"Questions about military service.† It is not until we have worked through the StoryCorps lesson that I handout the document introducing the project. It outlines the publishing of a collection of biographical narratives where each student will contribute a specific story from one or more family members. Along the way, students will utilize methods of professional journalism, historians, biographers, authors and more. To get started I ask students to choose a family member/significant adult and using the StoryCorps question list schedule a time to interview the adult. I ask that they make at least an audio recording of the interview. I believe it is very important that students interview the adult in person. We talk about how the interview

Essay about Why the Crucible Remains Important Today

Why ‘The Crucible Remains Important Today For a story of any kind to have any relevance or meaning some 50 years after being written and indeed almost 400 years after it was set, it needs to contain themes and ideas that have been uniformly felt and experienced by people from all walks of life as well as continuing to speak to and have meaning to new and changed generations of people. Years after being written, Arthur Millers ‘The Crucible, still successfully speaks to numerous generations of people, that although live in different countries, under different governments and belong to different peer groups, experience the same issues that the characters of ‘The Crucible experienced as well as the same issues that were experienced by†¦show more content†¦Ã‚‘The Crucible not only addresses the issue of conformity, it attacks the poor balance of power that surrounds us everyday. Miller demonstrates how much power a sole in-dividual can have when the decisions made by that person effect a whole community. During the Witchcraft Trials in Salem, religion was, much more than now the answer to the unknown and the unexplained. As a result, the Church and the people in its service were people of prominence and power. They were the only people who could successfully interpret the Churchs doctrine, often to their own benefit, without being accused of a wrong doing and what could be more powerful than this in a theocratic society like Salem? This corrupt hierarchy meant that nobody could question a priest or minister because doing so would be considered questioning God. As a result, a per-son of such power could say almost anything they pleased, people would listen and appropriate action taken. This is evidenced with the supposed ‘cleansing of Salem. Although an event that occurred before the writing of ‘The Crucible, the Holocaust is a prime example of imbalanced power. Hitler, a man of great power, especially in Nazi Germany, basically accuse d a few million people of being witches. Action was taken and millions perished allShow MoreRelated Why The Crucible Remains Important Today Essay976 Words   |  4 Pages Why ‘The Crucible’ Remains Important Today For a story of any kind to have any relevance or meaning some 50 years after being written and indeed almost 400 years after it was set, it needs to contain themes and ideas that have been uniformly felt and experienced by people from all walks of life as well as continuing to speak to and have meaning to new and changed generations of people. Years after being written, Arthur Miller’s ‘The Crucible’, still successfully speaks to numerous generations ofRead MoreThe Crucible Critical Lens Essay866 Words   |  4 PagesDavis 1 Ashley Davis Mrs. Taylor CP English III, Period 7 22 November 2014 The Crucible Critical Lens Essay As Vladimir Lenin once stated, â€Å"A lie told often enough becomes truth.† This quote indicates that if you constantly repeat a lie, eventually people will come to believe it. I definitely agree with Lenin. A lie won’t stay a secret forever. Lenin’s quote remains true and evident in Arthur Miller’s, The Crucible. There are many characters Miller uses to prove this quote true through theRead MoreGerstle s Historiographical Of Mainstream Americanism1327 Words   |  6 PagesApril 2016 Gerstle’s Historiographical of Mainstream Americanism Gary Gerstle attempts to reinterpret twentieth-century American history in light of the power of race (and to a much lesser extent, or even not at all, class and gender). 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The small Puritan colony became so engrossed with fear of the Christian Devilâ„ ¢ that they began to suspect their own neighbors, and a select few individuals began using that fear for their own personal benefit, accusing their neighbors for the sakeRead MoreConvenience And Association When Talking With One Another1598 Words   |  7 Pagesand reveal an individual’s affiliation to a specific group. They are able to capture and reflect upon one’s unique culture, history, religion, and lineage. The sense of personal identity and uniqueness that a name gives us is why names interest us and are deemed so important to us as individuals. Unfortunately those of us who carry names that are â€Å"hard to pronounce† or are simply â€Å"strange† in the eyes of the western world, feel inclined to accommodate to much more Eurocentric names. In spite ofRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1952 Words   |  8 PagesThe Crucible by Arthur Miller was probably one of the most breathtaking plays of his time. Taking place during 1692 it talked about the Salem Witch Trials mostly, what happened, who was accused, how did it start, and how did it end. He did an amazing job describing the scenes, using actual names of the people at the time, and the actual events in chronological order. Throughout the play he also hit on a major idea during the time which was known as McCarthyism, where Arthur miller himself was accusedRead MoreNature Versus Nurture1607 Words   |  7 Pageson genes (nature), but also on the environment (nurture). It is usually the joint product of genes and environment, one of the first principles in Leda Cosmides and John Tooby in Evolutionary Psychology: Nature and Nurture (attached). This remains our groups thesis. Introduction Take for example this Calvin and Hobbes strip. We assume that duplication is the same as cloning and therefore the two Calvins are genetically similar. Hobbes (that is the tiger) implies in the lastRead More Nature vs Nurture Essay1585 Words   |  7 Pagesonly on genes (nature), but also on the environment (nurture). It is usually the â€Å"joint product of genes and environment†, one of the first principles in Leda Cosmides and John Tooby in â€Å"Evolutionary Psychology: Nature and Nurture† (attached). This remains our group’s thesis. Introduction nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Take for example this Calvin and Hobbes strip. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;We assume that duplication is the same as cloning and therefore the two Calvins are genetically similarRead MoreEssay on The Dramatic Intensity of The Crucible’s Courtroom Scene4462 Words   |  18 Pagesplay. The Crucible is set against the backdrop of the mad hunts of the Salem witch trials in the late 17th century. It is about a town, after accusations from a few girls, which begins a mad hunt for witches that did not exist. Many towns’ people were hanged on charges for of witchcraft. Miller brings out the absurdity of the incident with the theme of truth and righteousness. The theme is conveyed through the struggles of Miller’s main character John Proctor. In The Crucible all the eventsRead MoreEssay on The Crucible - How John Proctor Changed2193 Words   |  9 PagesThe Crucible - How John Proctor changed throughout the storyline from mistreating his wife by cheating on her while she was ill with Abigail, to someone who took the blame so no one else got in trouble. The Crucible In this essay I will talk about how John Proctor changed throughout the storyline from mistreating his wife by cheating on her while she was ill with Abigail, to someone who took the blame so no one else got in trouble. The Crucible is based on the true story of the 1692

Business Communication for Managers

Question: Write report on "Business Communication for Managers". Answer: Introduction: In the year 1998, Hurricane cut an unmatched swath of devastation in the whole of Central America, leading to the deaths of thousands of Americans and damage of billions of dollars. In the location named as Nicaragua, experienced the death of more than 8,00,000 citizens. The rapid initiative and intervention of the government and also the generous assistance was given by the international organizations helped the people to recover the dreadful phase (Broadbent 2013). Our organization is an NGO generally provide assistance during a national crisis. The name of our organization is Mac Thomas Organization located in the heart of America. As an approach to seek help from the nation, foreign location and the government bodies, a project was designed and the name coined for the project was The MT Project. The main components of the project were to promote better health and hygiene, provide living condition and adequate food to the deserted ones and most importantly seek help from various sources via effective communication (Grunig 2013). As a part of the communication, three stakeholders were selected. The first stakeholder was the internal employees of the organization who have worked as an integral part of the project. According to Boyd (2015), they were the one who have executed the whole set of action and brought about the sign of victory for the whole organization. The second communication strategy was planned for getting the attraction and aid of the various government bodies involved in the welfare of the country. The government bodies were the vital stakeholders for serving this purpose since they were directly involved in providing fund and other necessities for the desolated citizens and the affected country. The third stakeholder to whom the message was conveyed was the general public. The general public might react emotionally and they have the capability to alter the situation. Their safety and kindness both the matters were a big concern during that phase (Habermas 2015). To reach the three different stakeholders, three various media were selected. According to Rossi et al. (2013), all the communication cannot be done verbally since the aim was to seek help from a mass and convey the message to every heart. In order to communicate with the internal employees, computer-based power point presentation was used. As discussed by Dequan (2016), the power point presentation involved a lot of information, strategy, and plans that were executed by the internal members of the organization. This communication aimed at successful execution of the work done. The second mode of communication selected was a written report prepared in order to get the help of the government via fund raising. The international funding was also involved in this matter. The last mode of communication was daily newspaper involving national or international paper released by the press. This communication strategy aimed at attracting the public emotion and their consciousness. Moreover, su ch an approach expected to get the attention of public globally (Loebach 2016.). Key message to the internal employees: Employee Communication through power point presentation and Engagement December 22nd, 1998. This presentation is used as a visual tool to locate the areas affected due to the hurricane. To visualize the presentation again go to www.slidespread.net. Key findings of the research: 8,00,000 people all over Nicaragua died, and 3,50,760 are admitted to government and private hospitals. Almost 5,00,000 people are desolated. The impact of the disaster on the political and administrative bodies: The spokesperson gave positive views and guaranteed about providing all types of support. The international ministry asked for help globally (Smith and Lasswell 2015). Duties of the employees: The role of the HR will be to communicate formally with the government bodies and the press. A, B and C will be under team 1, X, Y, and Z will be under team 2, and D, E, and F will be under team 3. Team 1 will be engaged in safety and sanitation in the Northern and Eastern part of Nicaragua, and Team 2 will be looking forward to aiding the Southern and Western part of Nicaragua. The Team 3 will be completely engaged in the raising of the fund from the government and the collection of public aid. 3 Basic things to remember: Listening along with speaking is important and also the oxygen to drastic change. Mobility and reach all the affected locations are important in order to provide help as much victims as possible. Lastly, working in coordination with proper communication is the key to reaching objective of the project (Segnestam 2015). Key message to the government: Hurricane M.T. report To the Honorable, the President and Members of the Common Council. Hurricane M.T. arrived in the heart of America especially in Nicaragua with a devastating effect and punched unmatched with the last ten years disasters. The disaster left an imprint in the whole country's economic and environmental status. Two aspects of this Hurricane is focused upon is the sanitation and the health condition of the public and also providing help to the homeless. As M.T. hit Nicaragua around, 8,00,000 died, and 3,50,760 people were admitted to the hospital. Almost 5,00,000 people became homeless. The government and other local and political bodies have attempted to regulate change and development in the social condition of the nation, but the success was too little. After hurricane had stricken the western regions of the country, it took around eight days for the "Disaster Management Center (DMC)" to establish their set up. Residents waited for several days for aid. Our survey shows the condition of the Southern part of the country is terrifying, and the condition of the resident is deteriorating day by day without proper treatment and other necessities. Moreover, the condition of the government hospitals is detrimental. The hospitals are overloaded with patients. Thus requires more set ups to be established in order to meet the health need of the patients. Around eighty percentage of the debris have been removed, and ninety percent of the general public has been rescued. Although all the levels of the administrative bodies have learned their lessons about the affects of the hurricane, no one has enacted migration principles (Moorhead et al. 2013). The coastal region has experienced maximum loss and had to suffer a lot. In order to bring about a change our organization Mac Thomas Organization has taken the initiative to bring about an alteration in the environmental and social condition of the victims of this disaster. The employees in our organization have been divided into groups for the assistance of the citizens of our nation. The rescue team has already achieved success in submitting the victims to various hospitals and provides protection to the deserted public. Moreover, the teams are now concerned about raising fund from various sources and developing sanitation (Keller 2015). The project M.T. developed in order to serve the nation and bring about changeable components in the social status of the country requires fund. The fund provided by the government can be utilized for establishing medical set ups to accommodate more victims and allocation of medical practitioners. Moreover, this fund will also be utilized in the rescue purposes. The accomplishment of the project requires the support of all segments of the marked community. It reflects there should be a number of initial actions of "community development mobilization,"social animation" or parallel society facilitation to guarantee all individuals of the affected society contributes to decisions relating to the proposed project (Norris and Reddick 2013). Key message to the public: The hurricane M.T. struck the nation Nicaragua on Monday 9th May 2016 resulting in the destruction of thousands of buildings and killed around 8,00,000 people. Around 3,50,760 were admitted to the government and private hospitals in and around the country. More than five lakhs people have become homeless. A prevailing storm surge pushed gigantic waves ahead of the terrifying hurricane, flooding most of the areas of Nicaragua, leading to destruction in the whole country. The James Street and other coastal areas were affected largely. The rescue team approached the affected areas, and many victims were rescued from those areas. Hundreds of men were suppressed under the debris, and thousands of dead bodies were recovered from the debris of the gigantic buildings. It is believed that many people were washed out into the ocean due to flood. No one else was as fortunate as the Ben family of The Maiden Street," stated the local councilor, Mr. X. The report states that the family sold their log house six months ago to another family and shifted from that place (Shahidinejad et al. 2014). The government has approached the other nations for providing aid. The government itself has taken initiative in funding. Other sub-ordinate bodies have put on less effort in order to bring about change in the social condition of the country. Various NGOs have been involved in the rescue program and developing better health in the community. The main objective at the present is to provide protection and safety to the citizens of the country. The government has of requested the citizens of the country to provide help that is possible from their side (Abraham et al. 2014). Discussion: In 1998, America experienced a terrifying hurricane named as M.T. The location named as Nicaragua was the country that was mostly affected. The NGO named as Mac Thomas Organization located in the heart of America was involved in the rescue program and also in evoking the inner emotions of the employees of the organization, the government bodies and also the general public. To reach the three different stakeholders, three various media were selected. As stated by Liu and Blake (2013), all the communication cannot be done verbally since the aim was to seek help from a mass and convey the message to every heart. The government was approached through a written report; the public was addressed using press media i.e. newspaper, and lastly the employees were explained about the plan of the approach using power point presentation. Although three different stakeholders were approached via three distinct media, the communication message was same for all the three stakeholders. The outcome of t he communication was positive with a success o0f around eighty-five percentage. The power point presentation was self-explanatory and thus helped the various teams of the organization to understand their duties and responsibilities. The government bodies and global bodies provided a fund in response to the hurricane, and there were more set ups established for better treatment of the victims. The public were emotionally touched and thus provided aid and approached in the emergency rescue procedure (Napier and Stratton 2013). References: Abraham, J., Kannampallil, T.G., Almoosa, K.F., Patel, B. and Patel, V.L., 2014. Comparative evaluation of the content and structure of communication using two handoff tools: implications for patient safety.Journal of critical care,29(2), pp.311-e1. Boyd, E.R., 2015. Where Should We Look? Accountability, Stakeholder Relationships, and the Role of an NGO as a Secondary Political Institution in Tanzania: A Case Study Analysis. Broadbent, D.E., 2013.Perception and communication. Elsevier. Dequan, Z., 2016. Humanitarian Landmine Action in China and the Role of the NGO.Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction,10(2), p.34. Grunig, J.E., 2013.Excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. Habermas, J., 2015.Communication and the Evolution of Society. John Wiley Sons. Keller, B., 2015. Review of PowerPoint, Communication, and the Knowledge Society by Hubert Knoblauch Cambridge University Press 2013.Communication Design Quarterly Review,2(4), pp.84-86. Liu, B.F. and Blake, A., 2013. Opportunities, challenges and trends in US federal government communication.Government Communication: Cases and Challenges, p.59. Loebach, P., 2016. Household migration as a livelihood adaptation in response to a natural disaster: Nicaragua and Hurricane Mitch.Population and Environment, pp.1-22. Moorhead, S.A., Hazlett, D.E., Harrison, L., Carroll, J.K., Irwin, A. and Hoving, C., 2013. A new dimension of health care: systematic review of the uses, benefits, and limitations of social media for health communication.Journal of medical Internet research,15(4), p.e85. Napier, N.K. and Stratton, K., 2013. Communication during a merger: the experience of two banks.Human Resource Planning: Solutions to Key Business Issues Selected Articles,12(2), p.119. Norris, D.F. and Reddick, C.G., 2013. Local e government in the United States: Transformation or incremental change?.Public Administration Review,73(1), pp.165-175. Rossi, E., Rogan, J. and Schneider, L., 2013. Mapping forest damage in northern Nicaragua after Hurricane Felix (2007) using MODIS enhanced vegetation index data.GIScience Remote Sensing,50(4), pp.385-399. Segnestam, L., 2015. Interactions in hazard management policies: the case of drought in Nicaragua, 19762010.Disasters,39(4), pp.715-737. Shahidinejad, A., Amiri, I.S. and Anwar, T., 2014. Enhancement of indoor wavelength division multiplexing-based optical wireless communication using microring resonator.Reviews in Theoretical Science,2(3), pp.201-210. Smith, B.L. and Lasswell, H.D., 2015.Propaganda, communication and public opinion. Princeton university press.

Conference Mobile Communication Healthcare -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Conference Mobile Communication Healthcare? Answer: Introduction: Diabetes is the most common cause of death among elderly patients and other populations alike. Diabetes is also a multi-factorial disease that occurs in people associated with other health issues like obesity, chronic heart diseases, kidney diseases and the leading cause of hospitalizations among geriatric patients. The case study describes a female patient who is 65 years old, having a medical history of diabetes for twenty years. The patient was admitted in the hospital from the emergency department with a case of severe glycemic shock, difficulty in breathing and severe back pain. On diagnosis, the reports showed that the patient has cardiac blockage, is currently obese with hypertension symptoms. The patient was also asses by Beck depression Inventory and showed positive results suggesting she was suffering from clinical depression but did not take any medication prior to this admission. The back pain of the patient was treated with pain medication to minimize the pain score. The report summarizes the care plan set up for the patient with reference to the current condition to treat her glycemic shock, administration of management for the condition and address the heart blockage and depression as well. Patient education is also an important factor for the completion of the care plan and the family of the patient was taught so that the home care can be arranged properly so as to reduce risk of hospital readmission. The family of the patient was also taught to monitor the patient to avoid the risk of falling which might cause severe repercussions, which is commonly observed in geriatric patients. Objective Data Pulse ox: 89% showing low levels Cough: No such detection Sputum: not detected Oxygen: room temperature Respiratory rate: 140/90 mm Hg very high, as seen in hypertensive patients Tachypneic/Hypoventilation (too slow/shallow: Respiratory effort: effort required due to blockage in heart Respiratory rhythm: difficult, erratic and very high due to heart blockage Breath sounds: no wheezing is observed, but breath rate very high Skin: WNL, normal Skin Turgor: Tenting Weight: 90kg/lb, overweight Capillary refill: WNL Apical pulse rhythm: irregularity seen Apical pulse rate: Tachycardia beats noted Heart Sounds: (Arrhythmic sounds noted) caused by hypertension Apical/radial deficit: yes Peripheral pulses: 80mmHg R radical= Doppler, R femoral= yes, R pedal=yes, R post tib=yes; L radical = yes, L femoral= Doppler, L pedal= yes, L post tib= yes. Edema: none such detected in the chest or throat, so no possible pathogenesis is the cause of breathing trouble R Hand/arm= no, R knee to thigh= no, R ankle to knee= non-pitting, R foot/ankle=no; L Hand/arm= no, L knee to thigh= no, L ankle to knee= no, foot/ankle=non pitting, Sacrum=non-pitting. Heart blockage noticed and needs immediate assistance. Deprivation of sleep due to difficulty in breathing Neurological Oriented to : patient Communication : slow but expressive Pupils:round, with a sluggish reaction to light. Glasgow Coma Scale(score range 0-15, Coma=7): Eye opening to: spontaneous=3, verbal command =2, pain=0, no response=1. Verbal responses to: slow and effort, converses=4, disoriented, converses=3, uses inappropriate words=4, incomprehensible sounds=1, no response=1. Motor responses to: verbal command = 5, localized pain=6, flexes and withdraws=3, flexes abnormally (decorticate)=4, extends abnormally (decerebrate)=3, no response = 1. Muscle tone strength Head/ neck: flaccid, Right hand: spastic, L Hand: flaccid, RUE: LUE: flaccid, RLE: flaccid, LLE: flaccid. The muscle on the leg seem to be stressed due to her weight and mild oedema is noticed on the joints due to pressure of weight. Legs: unable to walk properly due to weight gain Depression measurement: scored out of Beck Depression Inventory Erratic mood Low self esteem Sense of failure Lack of self confidence Body image issues Pity on self Old age depression Lack of satisfaction Slow movement Constant sighs Inability to express Demotivated boredom Musculoskeletal Gait: Appearance and no movement Arms: Appearance and movement Legs: Appearance and cannot walk Spine: Appearance and difficulty in moving Location of pain: back pain and soreness in legs Loss of activity: walking is being affected by the pain Description of pain: sharp and located Pain rating on a scale of 0-10: 6 Acceptable level for this client: 5 What makes the pain worse: walking and movement What makes the pain decrease: medication, and sleep. Psychosocial (and other relevant data) patients name: Surinder Kaur gender: Female birth date/age: 65 Marital status: Married Race/ethnicity: Indian languages spoken: English No such mental illness but chronic depression History: diabetes for 20 years and takes daily insulin Obese: 90kg/lb Hypertension Weight gain is the cause of depression Currently no medication is provided for depression Unable to walk due to obesity Suffers from hypertension and back pain Inability to walk Case Study of Client: (Holistic) Among different domains of Nanda approved nursing diagnoses, this assignment will utilize actual diagnosis. The patent in the case study is a 65 year old woman named Surinder Kaur. The patient in the case study had a more or less sedentary lifestyle and stayed in home. The patient had diabetes and had been getting insulin every single day. Still her blood glucose level as per her assessment had been discovered to be extremely high. Hence it can be stated from the assessment that has been carried out for the patient, it has to be mentioned that the patient had been unable to manage her blood glucose levels properly and hence a few other health care concerns have accumulated as well. First and foremost, as an indirect result of her high blood glucose level and her sedentary lifestyle the patient had been gaining weight from the past 5 years and had been obese. Along with that, there is direct link between the cardiac complications and hypertension, and the patient had also been sufferi ng from heart blockages and the hypertension ( Kusnanto, 2017). Surinder also had excessive back pain with a pain score of and had difficulty walking due to peripheral neuropathy, a common complication that is associated with diabetes. According to the assessment data discovered about the patient in the case study, it can be mentioned that all of the different health acre complexities that the patient is suffering from had been a direct or indirect consequence of her poor management of type 2 diabetes and resultant high blood glucose at more than 200 mg/Dl. Hence based in the thorough assessment, the nursing diagnosis for the patient is high blood glucose level with severe risk for uns Extremely high blood glucose levels and severe risk for instability. Assessing the patient for vulnerability to glyceamic shock to the patient so that there is no immediate danger to the patient. Medication administration and facilitating better management of the type 2 diabetes along with educating the patient regarding the diabetes management techniques as well. Encouraging the patient to adopt a healthier life style by starting to eat healthy and maintaining a strict dietary plan with a strict yet attainable physical exercise regimen. Assessment of signs of hyperglycemia so that there is no immediate insulin- glucose level imbalances that the patient is under. Diligently assessing the blood glucose levels of the patient preferably before meal times and at bed time as well ( Franks McCarthy, 2016). Assssing and monitoring the HbA1c-glycosylated hemoglobin levels of the patient as well. Administration of basal and prandial insulin so that tissue perfusion is promoted and helps in reverting the glucose concentration to the normal levels which in turn will slow down the progression of the microvascular disease ( Diab, 2012). Administration of Sulfonylureas like Glucotrol and Diabeta, meglitinides like Prandin, Biguanides like metformin, Phenylalanine derivatives lie starlix, alpha glucose inhibitors like the acarbose and miglitol, thiazolinidiones like actos and avandia and lastly Incretin modifiers like sitagliptin. The medication will decrease insulin resistance, increase insulin production and will delay the absorption of glucose into the blood ( Paschou Leslie, 2013). Monitoring the hypertension of the patient and administer hypertensive drugs as prescribed to the patient which will help in reducing the high blood pressure of the patent and will also work to reducing the risk for strokes. Educating the patient on how to monitor blood glucose on her own using the nursing glucose meters (Modic et al., 2012). Encouraging the patient to develop a healthier lifestyle that includes both dietary changes and active and determined fitness initiative. Engaging in a therapeutic casual conversation with the patient with a cultural liaison assistance to extract information regarding her sedentary lifestyle and diet pattern ( Wexler et al., 2012). Consultation with a dietician for her to help her develop a diet plan that will sit her nutritional requirements along with facilitating eight loss and cholesterol concentration drop. Encouraging the patient to eat less junk food and maintain a protein rich and antioxidant rich diet plan with lesser carbohydrate and fat content ( Juul et al., 2012). Educating the patient with interactive and cognitive therapeutic intervention towards changing her health behaviors towards a promotional health behavior for diabetes control. Enhancing the health literacy of the patient regarding diabetes and the associated co- occurring disorders so that she can work towards managing or preventing it. Lastly, encouraging and helping the patient to begin with mild and least tiresome exercise regimen to help her build her tolerance towards physical exercise. As the patient is accustomed to physical exercise help the patient build towards more tiresome and effective exercise patterns that are targeted at quick weight loss ( Spanakis Chiarugi, 2011). The current case study here focuses upon the Surinder Kaur who is a 65 years old woman and suffering from a number of co-morbid health conditions. She is suffering from hypertension along with back pain; hear blockage and diabetes; depression and weight gain. She had been talking insulin for the past 20 years. In this respect, a care plan could be made for the patient based upon the North American nursing diagnosis association (NANDA). The NANDA diagnosis could be divided into following four types such as actual diagnosis, risks diagnosis, health promotion diagnosis and syndrome diagnosis. In this respect, the actual diagnosis has been taken into consideration where the present health responses shown by the patient are taken into consideration. For the current study, a range of complications depicted by the patient have been taken into consideration. Out of this, blood glucose monitoring have been taken onto consideration for the current study. The patient her had been suffering from type 2 diabetes and had been taking insulin for the past five years. As mentioned by Rosenberg et al. (2014), excessive dose of insulin can often lead to the deposition of body fat. Some of these have been seen to contribute to the worsening of already existent clinical condition in the patient. As the patient has heart blockage the presence of obesity could further worsen the condition. As mentioned by Jindal et al. (2017), obesity has been linked with high blood cholesterol levels. Some of these conditions restricted the life processes of the patient. This further developed depressive thoughts or feelings within the patient. However, one of the most important clinical conditions which were expressed within the patient and needed immediate clinical intervention are monitoring of high levels of blood glucose level. Therefore, the high levels of blood glucose level could lead to fatal consequences where the patient could develop glycaemia shocks. The hyperglycaemia could be associat ed with a range of symptomatic expressions, which could dishevel the normal life of the patients. Some of these are excessive urination, excessive thirst, weight gain, diabetic neuropathy and diabetic retinopathy. As mentioned by Ng, Finnigan, Connellan, Kiernan Coward (2014), high levels of blood glucose can lead to a condition of nerve damage known as diabetic neuropathy. The diabetic neuropathy can have much serious consequences such as development of leg amputations in the patient. The leg amputations can disrupt the normal day to day movement making the patient dependent upon medication and aid. In this stage, additional level of support and care is required for the patient. Hence, the patient looses autonomy over their activities of daily living (ADL) which could further aggaravate the presence and expression of depression in the patient. The high blood glucose level has been associated with the development of retinopathy conditions which can affect the vision in the patient considerably. Therefore, the daily care activities of the patient need to be effectively monitored for the reduction in the clinical manifestations of the patient. Further complications The patient also had hypertension and was suggested regular medications for the control and management of depression. However, the patient hardly followed the medications pattern and doses. This increased the severity of clinical symptoms such as sleep deprivation in the patient. Moreover, the patient could not sleep owing to pain which was also aggravated due to psychological reasons ion the patient. Therefore, in order to control the pain and sleeo deprivation in the patient, the patient was suggested metformin and oxazepam, which could effectively control the rate of depression within the patient. In the lack of effective medication intake by the patient, she could be struck with lethal consequences such as myocardial infarction (MI). Therefore, in order to relieve the overall condition of the patient a holistic care regimen could be developed for the patient (Rossom et al., 2014). Discussion of interventions One of the most important nursing interventions and strategies which could be developed for the patient is implementation of physical exercises. Some of the physical exercises could include light walking, jogging along with light stretching. This could restore the movement and agility patterns in the patient. Additionally, provision of effective medication to the patient could also help in controlling and monitoring the blood glucose level. As mentioned by Zhou et al. (2017), provision of fresh food and supplements to the patient can also be effective in controlling the blood glucose level. The areas which had been highlighted as requiring care management in the above discussion are blood glucose monitoring and reduction in the symptomatic expression of several health co-morbidities. This area of care management was highlighted as the patient had expressed a number of physical abnormalities which impaired the daily life of the patient along with dependence upon insulin. Research and evidences have proved that too much of dependence upon insulin can impair the functioning of the heart and the patient was already suffering from heart blockage (Feigenbaum, 2012). Therefore, the patient had to be provided with a balanced care treatment plan which will help in reducing the daily life grievances of the patient. The focus has to be more upon a holistic care regimen. Additionally, diabetes could also stem unto a number of major health complications such as movement disability, retinopathy and cardiac shock. Therefore, in order to prevent such conditions from the disrupting the life of the patient an effective and balanced car plan is required. Additionally, the patient was also suffering from depressions which affected the rate of recovery of the patient. Hence, providing the patient with a holistic care regimen can help in infusing positive spirit in the life of the patient which could speed the recovery rate (Plat, 2017). Additionally, provision of effective counselling measures along with community based development program can also help in reducing the stress in the life of the patient. The community development program can also motivate Surinder Kaur to lose weight as she was suffering from obesity. Conclusion The above discussion makes it clear that the geriatric patients like Surinder Kaur, need to be closely monitored to avoid rick of glycemic shock. The care plan organized for the patient needs to holistic providing the medication with the respective rationale. Obesity is an indirect effect of diabetes, which needs to be controlled from early signs as weight gain had severe repercussions like cardiac blockage, which is very risky. The patient had also developed depression due to her prolonged illness, which needed to be addressed to help her recover. The glycemic shock was assessed and nutritive as well as pharmaceutical help was provided to her to minimize further risk leading to fatality. The main criteria of the care plan was to control the blood glucose level and control weigh gain to reduce her weight to help her improve her blocked heart condition and improve her ability to walk which she was then facing due to obesity. Obesity and diabetes are correlated with each other and crea te co-morbid conditions in geriatric patients. Cases like this require patient education planning after care plan management, which would help minimize the risk of hospital readmission and falling in these cases. The hypertensive condition clubbed with depression in the patient makes the situation serious and she needs to be well monitored in even home care facilities to minimize the risk of falling. References American Diabetes Association. (2015). Standards of medical care in diabetes2015 abridged for primary care providers. Clinical diabetes: a publication of the American Diabetes Association, 33(2), 97. Bray, G. A., Popkin, B. M. (2014). Dietary sugar and body weight: have we reached a crisis in the epidemic of obesity and diabetes?: healthcare be damned! Pour on the sugar. Diabetes care, 37(4), 950-956. Diab, P. (2012). Communication in diabetes management: overcoming the challenges. Journal of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa, 17(1), 52-54. Feigenbaum, K., Brooks, P. G., Chamberlain, C. E., Cochran, E., Adams-McLean, A., Malek, R., Harlan, D. M. (2012). The Clinical Centers Blood Glucose Management Service: A Story in Quality Integrated Care. The Diabetes Educator, 38(2), 194-206. Franks, P. W., McCarthy, M. I. (2016). Exposing the exposures responsible for type 2 diabetes and obesity. Science, 354(6308), 69-73. Jindal, D., Gupta, P., Jha, D., Ajay, V. S., Jacob, P., Mehrotra, K., ... Prabhakaran, D. (2017). The Development of mWellcare, an mHealth System for the Integrated Management of Hypertension and Diabetes in Primary Care. Studies in health technology and informatics, 245, 1230. Juul, L., Maindal, H. T., Frydenberg, M., Kristensen, J. K., Sandbaek, A. (2012). Quality of type 2 diabetes management in general practice is associated with involvement of general practice nurses. Primary care diabetes, 6(3), 221-228. Kusnanto, K. (2017). Self Care Management-holistic Psychospiritual Care on Independence, Glucose Level, and Hba1c of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patient. Jurnal Ners, 7(2), 99-106. Modic, M. B., Canfield, C., Kaser, N., Sauvey, R., Kukla, A. (2012). A diabetes management mentor program: outcomes of a clinical nurse specialist initiative to empower staff nurses. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 26(5), 263-271. Ng, S. M., Finnigan, L., Connellan, L., Kiernan, C., Coward, S. (2014). Improving paediatric diabetes care with the use of an integrated paediatric electronic diabetes information management system and routine uploading of blood glucose meters and insulin pumps in outpatient clinics. Archives of disease in childhood, 99(11), 1059-1059. Paschou, S. A., Leslie, R. D. (2013). Personalizing guidelines for diabetes management: twilight or dawn of the expert?. BMC medicine, 11(1), 161. Plat, L. (2017). Diabetes care pathways and the diabetic convention in 2017. Revue medicale de Bruxelles, 38(4), 347-352. Rosenberg, D., Lin, E., Peterson, D., Ludman, E., Von Korff, M., Katon, W. (2014). Integrated medical care management and behavioral risk factor reduction for multicondition patients: behavioral outcomes of the TEAMcare trial. General hospital psychiatry, 36(2), 129-134. Rossom, R. C., Solberg, L. I., Magnan, S., Crain, A. L., Beck, A., Coleman, K. J., ... Whitebird, R. (2017). Impact of a national collaborative care initiative for patients with depression and diabetes or cardiovascular disease. Focus, 15(3), 324-332. Spanakis, E. G., Chiarugi, F. (2011, October). Diabetes management: Devices, ICT technologies and future perspectives. In International Conference on Wireless Mobile Communication and Healthcare (pp. 197-202). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Wexler, D. J., Beauharnais, C. C., Regan, S., Nathan, D. M., Cagliero, E., Larkin, M. E. (2012). Impact of inpatient diabetes management, education, and improved discharge transition on glycemic control 12 months after discharge. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 98(2), 249-256. Zhou, H., Zhu, J., Liu, L., Li, F., Fish, A. F., Chen, T., Lou, Q. (2017). Diabetes-related distress and its associated factors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in China. Psychiatry research, 252, 45-50.

How Does Shakespeare Influence Audience Opinion Of Shylock in The Merchant Of Venice Essay Example

How Does Shakespeare Influence Audience Opinion Of Shylock in The Merchant Of Venice Paper Shakespeare influences audience opinion in many different ways in The Merchant Of Venice. However, some of the devices he uses may have differing effects on Elizabethan and modern audiences. Elizabethans had many prejudiced stereotypes that Shakespeare includes in his play. There was less diversity of cultures when Shakespeare wrote the play, and therefore there was a lot more bad feeling towards different races and religions. Elizabethans were also more religious than people are nowadays, so there feelings towards religion and religious beliefs were much stronger than they would be today. The Elizabethans did not like the Jews, mainly because of the stereotypes that were portrayed of them. Jews were seen to be money grabbing and the Elizabethans disagreed with their ideas and values about life. The play was set in Venice, Italy where there was a law of equality which allowed trade to run smoothly as much of the Venetian way of life was based on trading. This would have an effect on the Elizabethan audience because Elizabethans believed that generosity was a great virtue to have, and they believed that Jews were not at all generous, something which is definite of Shylocks character. We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Shakespeare Influence Audience Opinion Of Shylock in The Merchant Of Venice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Shakespeare Influence Audience Opinion Of Shylock in The Merchant Of Venice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Shakespeare Influence Audience Opinion Of Shylock in The Merchant Of Venice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They also disliked usurers and merchants because they went against the Christian values. The play is a comedy and a lot of the humour was based on the Elizabethan reaction to Shylocks character and onstage appearance. However, in modern times society is a lot less prejudiced, thus creating more sympathy for Shylock. The Elizabethan audience would also be much more religious than a modern audience, and Shylock was a character that went against everything they believed in as Christians. Most of the Christian values are opposed to the stereotypical portrayal of Jews, especially as they are portrayed in Merchant Of Venice. Therefore, especially with an Elizabethan audience, the main feeling towards Shylock would not be sympathy, but hostility and loathing. The Elizabethan audience would immediately recognise Shylock as Jewish because he would we be dressed in stereotypical Jewish clothes and he would be wearing a red wig which was another stereotypical image of Jews. Everything about him would be stereotypical of a Jewish person, most of it in a degrading way as Shakespeare himself would have been a Christian. A lot of Shylocks speech reflects his character, for instance, he is a miser with words, similar to the way he is a miser with his money. He does not live in the world of aristocrats, but instead the world of merchants, which is why his money is so important to him. In Act One, Scene Three Shylock speaks first and his words are Three thousand ducats; well. This gives us an immediate first impression that his main concern in life is his money and wealth. He also repeats a lot of his words and phrases which shows he has a materialistic mind and a lack of imagination. He is very narrow and literal minded as we see in the way that he speaks. Ho, no, no, no, no and there be land-rats and water-rats, land-thieves and water-thieves It is significant that he used the term rats, because the Elizabethans had strong views on the sense of order of being. They thought that the order of society reflected the universe. Animals were at the bottom of this chain and therefore the least important. Elizabethan philosophers thought that man would lapse into beastliness if he allowed himself to become selfish. Therefore, the fact that Shylock uses animals as metaphors shows that he is preoccupied with the animal world. This tells us that Shylock is at about the same level as animals in the order of being, giving the audience little respect for him. However, a modern audience may not see this link as they do not have the same ideas as the Elizabethans on the order of being. Other characters in the play also refer to Shylock as a bird of prey which shows us that they perceive him as being the least important person around, and that he is selfish. The audience may react to this differently because it might, for some people, increase their sympathies towards Shylock as he is being mistreated and mocked by the other characters, but other people may see it as a reinforcement to the idea that Shylock is a selfish, unlikeable character. However, I dont think it would influence a modern audiences opinion towards Shylock because they would not associate the animal references with the chain of being. Therefore, it would only affect the Elizabethan audiences who would understand the references. He also repeats short, blunt phrases, showing his stubborn personality and his repetition of the adjectives rats and thieves show, again, that he lacks imagination and it is a great contrast to the metaphorical way of speaking of Antonio and the other Christians. [Antonio]The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose. An evil soul, producing holy witness, is like a villain with a smiling cheek, A goodly rotten apple at the heart. This is an example of the poetic speech of Antonio and his fellow Christians. This gives the audience a negative opinion about Shylock compared to Antonio already, as Shakespeare wanted his audience to think that Christians were much more sensitive and open hearted then the Jews. It also means that the a udience will subconsciously prefer Antonio to Shylock as his words are much more poetical and less blunt. It also gives us a bad impression of Shylock because we see that Antonio is speaking harsh words about him and we know that there must be a reason for this because Antonio is Christian and is therefore good and speaks the truth. The contrasts between Shylock and Antonio influence audience opinion greatly. The main reason for disliking Shylock is the fact that he is a Jew and most of the Elizabethan audience, as well as the majority of the characters in the play, are Christians. Therefore, a lot of the influences on the audience for disliking Shylock, come from the constant comparisons to Antonio who is seen to be automatically a good character, simply because he is a Christian. This is hypocritical because, although Antonio is not an obvious merchant like Shylock, he still makes money in the same way that Shylock does, but through his ships. However, there are some similarities between the two characters. Although it is more obvious with Shylock, both of the characters are outsiders. Shylock, because he is a Jew and Antonio because he is unmarried. Also, neither of them accept the others religion and they both hate each other because of it. Both of them are lonely, isolated figures amongst the happy youth of Venice. They also both equate their property with their life and they both have a power over the others life at some time in the play. This means that although the audience may dislike Shylock and like Antonio, there are still similarities between them, which might make their opinions change or differ throughout the play. There is a irony in the way that one of the reasons the Christians (and Antonio) despise Shylock is because of what he does with his money (lend it out for profit) but Antonio does the same thing with his trading, but in a different way. This irony is highlighted in Act Four, Scene One, by Portia [Portia]Which is the merchant here? And which is the Jew? This would show the audience that some of the reasons for disliking Shylock are unfair, as they apply to themselves and the other Christian characters in the play. There are, however, a lot of differences and contrasts between Antonio and Shylock apart from the obvious different religions. Shylock lends his money to his enemies for a profit, whereas Antonio lends his money to his friends for free. Antonio risks his life for Bassanio because he is his friend, but Shylock tries to take the life of Antonio because he is his enemy. They also have very different characters. Antonio is mainly optimistic and merciful, whereas Shylock is pessimistic and vengeful. This influences the audience opinion because they think of Antonio as a good character because he shows better characteristics. The audience will also have a negative opinion of Shylock because he is surrounded by enemies while Antonio is surrounded by friends. This is part of the way the scene is structured which affects the audience opinion of Shylock. The way the scenes are structured has a lot to do with our opinion of Shylock. For example, in most of the scenes we either see Shylock in the middle of a conversation, or entering in the middle of a scene with other characters. This means that we never see whether Shylock stops talking about money when he is not talking about the deal, because we never see him start a conversation. This means that we have a negative view of him, because we always see the same business side of him. We also never see Shylock on his own, he always enters the stage to join a social grouping, which automatically makes him seem like an outsider. This also means that we rarely see Shylock as he sees himself, just as other people see him. Because most of the other characters in the play are Christians, and therefore dislike Shylock, we see their image of him, which is obviously going to be negative. However, through the use of asides, Shylock reveals some of his inner thoughts to the audience, which is the only time we get to see what Shylock is really feeling. [Shylock talking about Antonio]How like a fawning publican he is: I hate him for he is Christian This shows us that Shylock is capable of human emotion and he does have feelings, which is a contrast to the narrow minded image we have of him, due to his cold, monosyllabic talk. However, these emotions are negative so they do not necessarily create a good image of his personality, but they still show that he has emotions. This creates a better image for Shylock and we feel more sympathy towards him because as we realise that he does have feelings, we realise that he does get hurt by the way he is treated and we see that it is unfair. However, Shylock is being hypocritical because he is being prejudiced against Antonio which is one of the reasons that he (Shylock) is treated unfairly himself. In a modern audience, however, where religion is less important they may see that Shylocks prejudices are justified because of the way that he is treated. In Act three, Scene one the language that Shylock uses influences our opinion a lot. Shylock learns of the disappearance of his daughter, Jessica and he does not seem to be very concerned. She is damned for it This suggests that Shylock does not care about what has happened to her and he blames her, saying she is damned. A lot of the reactions he has towards his daughter would influence audience opinion greatly. A lot of Act Three, Scene One is about the disappearance of Shylocks daughter Jessica. Shylock fears that she has run away with a Christian, his greatest enemies. At first we think that he is genuinely interested in his daughters well-being. [Shylock]Hast thou found my daughter? The first thing he thinks about is his daughter, which shows us that he does have some good sides to him and he wants to know what has happened to his daughter. This will make the audience see him in a good light as he has shown us that he cares about someone. However, Shylock then proves that he is a slave to his money [Shylock]a diamond gone! Cost me two thousand ducats in Frankfurt I would my daughter were dead at my foot, and the jewels in her ear Shylock has openly admitted that he would rather have his jewels and his daughter dead, than the other way around. This is a shocking thing to admit and it will influence the audience greatly into having a negative opinion about him, because the fact that he cares more about his money than his daughter gives the impression that he is extremely cold hearted and money is his life. Although Shylock repeatedly talks about his loyalty to the Jewish faith, it is shown to be less important to him than his wealth [Shylock]a diamond gone, cost me two thousand ducats in Frankfurt! The curse never fell upon our nation until now; I never felt it till now This shows that his priorities lie not with his faith which he talks about so much, but with his money because he admits that the supposed curse on his race has not affected him until now, when his money has been taken away. By saying this the audience gets an impression of him that until things affect him personally they do not bother him, which emphasises his selfish personality. It also shows that he is feeling bitter about being a Jew. He then calls his daughter a thief, which shows that he doesnt seem to have any compassion towards her because she has taken the most important thing in his life from him: money. This reinforces our opinions and ideas about his character, and the audience will continue to see him in a bad light. We then see more of Shylocks bad side when he learns about Antonios ships. [Shylock]What, what, what? ill luck? ill luck? From this we see that he is keen for someone else to suffer bad luck as well as him. It also shows us that he is happy again now he knows that he will get his money. Again we see that money is extremely important to him because he has become happier when he realises that he Antonio will not be able to pay him back and therefore broken the bond. This shows us again the bitterness and selfishness of his character. However, he does show us that he has some feelings because he mentions his ex-wife Leah. I had it of Leah when I was a bachelor: I would not have given it for a wilderness of monkeys. This shows us that he does in fact care for some people, and he does have feelings and emotions as he would not have given the ring away because of its sentimental value. This shows the audience that he cared for his wife and it creates audience sympathy towards him because he obviously cares/cared for her, proving he does have emotions and he is not completely bitter. Another of the main devices in the play which influence our opinion of Shylock occurs with the main twist in the plot: the ending where the tables are turned on Shylock. In the court he is insisting on carrying out the bond he had with Antonio, even though both the judge and Portia are against him and have offered him three times the money Antonio owed him instead of the pound of flesh. However, Portia points out that Shylock cannot have his pound of flesh because the bond would not allow him to spill any of Antonios blood, and Shylock would not be able to take a pound of flesh from Antonio without taking any of his blood. [Portia]Take then thy bond, take thou thy pound of flesh; But, in cutting it, if thou dost shed One drop of Christian blood, thy lands and goods Are, by the laws of Venice, confiscate Unto the state of Venice This comes as a shock to both the audience and Shylock because neither of them would foresee this. It is also an example of irony because Portia is being as p edantic about the law as Shylock was earlier in the scene. There is even more dramatic irony when Shylock is forced to be a Christian. [Antonio] He presently become a Christian This is ironic because Christians are supposed to believe in mercy and forgiveness, so this is going against their religious beliefs. It also makes the audience feel sympathy towards Shylock because he is facing having to lose everything or to change his beliefs. It is also ironic that Antonio and the other Christians despise Shylock because he lends money for profit, because they do exactly the same thing, just in a different way. Antonio sends his ships out to buy goods cheaply from other places, and then he will sell them on for more money, which is effectively the same as what Shylock is doing. Christians also believe that everyone is equal but they do not show these qualities in their inhuman treatment of their slaves. This hypocrisy increases audience sympathy for Shylock because we see, again, that he is being mistreated, even more clearly than before. Because Shylocks religion was one of the main reasons that he was mistreated, the audience will see it as unfair that it is now being taken away from him, when it has been the reason for years of suffering on his part. The trial scene in the play is very important because it is where the two main plots come together. The scene starts without Shylock (which is the case for much of the play) and when he enters he knows that everyone in the court is Christian so he does not expect much sympathy from them. At the beginning Shylock tells the Court that he wants Antonios flesh because it is his whim although he does not give reasons for this, except that he is only insisting on the bond because he bears a grudge. He points out that other men would do the same thing, only in different situations. This influences the audience opinion as they think he is just being stubborn and difficult, an unlikeable trait. Shylock also refuses to listen to the Dukes pleas of humanity, but the Dukes views are from a Christian point of view so Shylock may not agree with them. We can also see the extremity of Shylocks hatred towards Antonio when Bassanio asks a reasonable question [Bassanio]Do all men kill the things they do not love? Shylock response has extreme implications [Shylock]Hates any man the thing he would not kill? Shylock is saying that Antonio symbolises everything he hates, and that is why he is so insistent on the bond being carried out. The characters in this scene are all human, but they also stand for concepts. Shylock is inflexible and inhuman and he stands for law, an end in itself. Portia represents law in the service of man and we can see this when Bassanio tries to convince Portia to stop Shylock taking his pound of flesh by telling her that to do a great right, do a little wrong. However, she refuses, saying that it must not be. By refusing to stop Shylock she is proving that she represents law in the service of man because she is carrying out the law completely. She is also, by contrast to Shylock, flexible and merciful. However, this emphasises the hypocrisy that Portia shows when she does not show any mercy to Shylock in the end. Portia continuously offers Shylock three times the money that Antonio owed him to let the bond drop, but Shylock refuses. In doing this we see his stubborn nature and his strict adherence to the law. It also shows us that he is hard-hearted and sadistic, certainly not merciful. We see more of a reason to dislike Shylock when he refuses to let a doctor stand by while he takes his pound of flesh because it is not in the bond. This reinforces our opinion that Shylock is dark, sinister and dislikable. Portias pleas for Shylock to accept the money are impassioned and lyrical, but Shylock is unmoved. His lack of emotion makes the audience automatically opposed to him, in that they do not want him to be successful in his fight to take his pound of flesh. Then Antonio makes a speech which greatly influences the audience opinion for both himself and Shylock. He talks about his loyalty to Bassanio and says that he is prepared to die for him, making us see him as a brave, loyal friend. He does not appear to be scared of death and says he will be at least remembered as old and strong rather than old and feeble. He is also keen for Bassanio to tell Portia how he (Antonio) cared for him (Bassanio). This is because he feels an outcast because of the lack of love in his life (another similarity between him and Shylock) and he wants to prove that he does have the capability of loving someone so much he would die for them. This is also ironic because Portia is there and she hears what he says without him realising. When he makes this speech the contrast between him and Shylock is huge because they both have such different values and views on life. The audience will think that Antonio is brave and loyal, and that will lower their opinion of Shylock because Shylock still wants to take his pound of flesh. We see how un-noble Shylock is when he is compared to Antonios loyal outlook. One of the main differences in the two characters opinions of what should happen is caused by their religion. Shylock thinks that he has done nothing wrong and that he is only following the law, therefore he seeks only justice. On the other hand, the Christian outlook is that all men are sinful and depend on Gods mercy. Shylock justifies his opinion by quoting from the bible (3:1). In doing this he is pointing out that the law of the Jews is that of an eye for an eye and the law of Christ is mercy and forgiveness. He is showing how different the two religions views are, and therefore allowing him to contravene the spirit of the law. However the trial scene highlights the fact that Shylocks mind is so twisted that he cannot even admit the bitterness and evil in his own soul. However, in the end, Portia points out that Shylock is unable to get his pound of flesh without letting any blood be shed, which is not allowed in the bond. This is ironic because Portia is being as pedantic about the law as Shylock was being earlier. Then Shylock decides that he would like to just take the money but Portia says that he has already turned them down so he should have nothing but a penalty. Compared to his behaviour and attitude at the beginning of the scene Shylock now becomes more apologetic and begging. Then we see how the way the other characters treat and refer to Shylock will affect the audience opinion. Shylock is treated very badly in this scene. He is not referred to by his name, but by Jew which is made to sound like an insult and it takes away his equality and individuality. They also suggest that Shylock is an outsider of Venice and therefore does not have equal rights. It is enacted in the laws of Venice If it be provd against an alien This is not fair to Shylock as he is as much as a part of Venice as Antonio, Portia and all the other Christians. Here we see a lot of hypocrisy as one of the reasons that they condone Shylock is that he makes money for nothing. However they either dont realise or choose to ignore the fact that they all do the same thing to make a living: buy things and sell them off at a higher price. The audience may be slightly more sympathetic towards Shylock because of the lack of respect and hypocrisy shown to him. It also shows that all the people in the court view Shylock as an outside, although he is as much of a citizen of Venice as they are. The only reason that they dont accept him is that he is a Jew whilst they are Christians. To a modern audience this would seem like a minor difference because there is a much larger diversity amongst the people in Britain then there would have been in Elizabethan times. Therefore, modern audience would not totally understand the seemingly irrational hatred of Shylock, simply for the fact that he is a Jew. Then the Duke decides that Shylock must become Christian and he must leave his money to Jessica and Lorenzo when he dies. This is another example of hypocrisy because Christians should so mercy and forgiveness and they are not showing that at all in the way that they are treating Shylock because they presume that they have the right to change his faith when it is nothing to do with them and it just highlights their prejudices. Shylock is often judged externally which means that the audience do not get to see him as he sees himself. It also means that we only get to see other peoples views on Shylock so the audience only ever gets a secondary view of Shylocks character, which will obviously affect their own opinion of him. For example, a lot of the adjectives used to describe Shylock in Act Four, Scene One vary greatly from those used to describe Antonio. Shylock is described by adjectives such as an inhuman wretch, unfeeling man, harsh, inexecrable dog and the offender. None of these are very complimentary and they would influence the audience opinion. However, Antonio is described as a poor merchant, touchd with human gentleness and love and royal merchant. These words are very complimentary and they would affect the audience view of Shylock because they would compare the adjectives used to describe both characters. Another example of external judging of Shylock comes after his reaction to the abduction of his daughter. Salerio mocks Shylock because of the reaction that he was more concerned about the loss of his money than the loss of his daughter. This, again, will influence audience opinion. Also, the audience would judge Shylock as a Jew through the references of others and through the costume he wears. All of this external judging will influence audience opinion because much of it is negative and if the other characters are constantly mocking or saying negative things about Shylock then the audience will be affected by these views, especially if they do not get to see how Shylock views himself. There would also be differing opinions between modern and Elizabethan audiences because nowadays different cultures, races and religions are much more common around Britain and so any prejudices against someone because of their religion would be seen as racist, and an undesirable characteristic. Elizabethan audiences, however, would see Shylock as inferior to Antonio simply because he is a Jew and Jews were disliked in their times. Therefore, a modern audience may feel sympathy towards Shylock in a lot of the situations, whereas an Elizabethan audience would feel that Shylock deserved what he got.

Overview of Thylacosmilus

Overview of Thylacosmilus Name: Thylacosmilus (Greek for pouched sabre); pronounced THIGH-lah-coe-SMILE-us Habitat: Woodlands of South America Historical Epoch: Miocene-Pliocene (10 million to 2 million years ago) Size and Weight: About six feet long and 500 pounds Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Short legs; large, pointed canines About Thylacosmilus The saber-toothed mammal plan has been favored by evolution more than once: Killer fangs didnt develop only in the large placental mammals of the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, but in prehistoric marsupials as well. Exhibit A is the South American Thylacosmilus, the huge canines of which apparently kept growing throughout its life and were kept tucked in pouches of skin on its lower jaw. Like modern kangaroos, Thylacosmilus raised its young in pouches, and its parental skills may have been more developed than those of its saber-toothed relatives to the north. This genus went extinct when South America was colonized by the true mammalian saber-toothed cats, exemplified by Smilodon, starting about two million years ago. (A recent study has found that Thylacosmilus possessed an embarrassingly weak bite for its size, chomping down on its prey with the force of an average house cat!) By this point, you may be wondering: how is it that the marsupial Thylacosmilus lived in South America rather than Australia, where the vast majority of all modern marsupials reside? The fact is, marsupials evolved tens of millions of years ago in Asia (one of the earliest known genera being Sinodelphys), and spread to various continents, including South America, before making Australia their favored habitat. In fact, Australia had its own version of a large, catlike carnivore, the similar-sounding Thylacoleo, which was only distantly related to the line of pseudo-saber-toothed cats occupied by Thylacosmilus.

California's sex offender registration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

California's sex offender registration - Essay Example d a copy of the notification form processed in this stage is also sent to the DOJ. The sex offender tracking program is an expedient tool utilized for keeping track of the sex offenders in California since 1947; the state is also regarded as being the first ever to enact a sex offender registration law. This was major step towards public disclosure of criminals, for many states did not recognize such laws until the 1990s. These registration requirements are lifetime, and with an ever-increasing and current population of 35million people, California is respectively the holder of the largest database of sex offenders in the USA (Lockyer, 2002, 3). This lifelong obligation can only be reversed if the offender a ‘Certificate of Rehabilitation’ ten years after s/he has been released from custody or it can also be relieved if ‘Government’s pardon’ is attained. However, many serious offences are not even eligible to attain the aforementioned relieving docume nts (IPS, 2009, 1). There are certain conditions which must be met duly by the sex offenders, these are the requirements and the guidelines set by the DOJ. It is incumbent upon the registered offenders to update their whereabouts and necessary information per annum, within 5 working days of their birthday. This requirement is more stringent for some, the transients must update every month while the sexually violent predators are extended 90 days worth of time. Recently, they have also been imposed with the responsibility of submitting their vehicle license plate number along with a recent photograph. Since 2002, they have also been required to register themselves with the campus police department in case they plan to enroll in any courses, attend any specific programs or even as much as work. Furthermore, even for people who are sex offenders, if convicted by the military or federal court, of other states but they enter the jurisdiction of Californian state; they are required to reg ister within 5 working days of entering California. Those who fail to register and have been convicted of a felony would be convicted of a felony yet again in case of non-compliance. This tracking program requires regular updates, and if any offender violates the registration requirements, it would show the registrant to be in violation. It is necessary for the transients to update their status within five working days with a local agency, in case they change their address or is homeless; the local agency is then responsible for forwarding the information to the DOJ. The latter then updates the information in the database, on a regular daily basis. The website www.meganslaw.ca.gov is responsible for publishing the data online, however 25% of the offender’s records are kept confidential and are not publicly disclosed, this condition depends on the specific type of crime being committed. According to the information available on this government website, the sex offenders can ev ade public disclosure in the following conditions (Harris, 2009; Department of Justice, 2010): 1- Sexual battery by

Federal Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Federal Government - Essay Example After the great depression, however, when people were starved and had lost most of their properties, people believed that the Federal Government through its structures ought to provide necessities to its population. In as much as the then leadership under Roosevelt focused on fighting the great depression, and heeded the cry of various organized corporations and labor unions, the belief among the citizens was that such strategies were aimed at assisting bankers, large farmers and employees who belonged to certain unions. In a rather unfamiliar manner, even those who had been benevolent supporters of the strategy rebelled including Huey Long, who was the then senator for Louisiana. Such moves prompted the government to take charge of certain responsibilities including creating a social security fund project for the elderly and compensating workers who lost their jobs. Amidst all the challenges that existed nevertheless, the United States did not refuse to believe. And in as much as some of their recovery strategies stalled, the nation adopted mechanisms that has made it become a model nation to the whole

DRG Patient Classification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DRG Patient Classification - Essay Example Breakeven Analysis Sales variable cost fixed cost Allocation JFC Total FC Breakeven units HR gross margin DRG M 1700 1000 500,000 415000 915,000 1307 2 41.18% DRG J 2600 1200 280,000 249000 529,000 378 5 53.85% DRG P 900 600 110,000 166000 276,000 920 1 33.33% Total 890,000 830000 1,720,000 The company has three different DRG type patients to which the firm provides its health service. The three different types of patients generate various types of revenues streams. The DRG J patients generate $2600 in treatment cost which is the highest revenue figure among the three types of patients. The DRG J patients also have the highest contribution margin at $1400, but also the highest profit margin at 53.85%. One of the negative aspects about the treatment of DRG J patients is that it takes company 5 hours to complete a treatment session for these patients. Time consuming patients limit the ability of the clinic to have high patient turnover. Fewer patients are served each month when a clini c has to spend 5 hours in DRG J patients instead of the two hours and one hour its takes to serve DRG M and DRG P type patients. The DRG P patients have the lowest patient charge at $900. The good aspect of treating the DRG P patients is that the clinic only has to consume one hour of time to serve them. The DRG M patients generate the Beach Street office of Getwell Clinics a profit margin of 41.18%. These types of patient generate an average patient charge of $1700. The breakeven point in number of treatments varies by DRG type patient. The patients that have the highest breakeven point in terms of number of treatments are the DRG M patients. The reason that the breakeven point for DRG M patients is so high is because the total fixed cost for these patients is $915,000. The contribution margin for each patient is $700. The patient type that has the lowest breakeven points is the DRG J patients at 378 treatments. The high contribution margin of $1400 and the lower total fixed cost a re factor that led to the DRG J patients having the lowest breakeven point. The DRG P patients have a contribution margin of $300 and breakeven point in terms of 920 treatments. Despite having a low contribution margin the DRG P patients had the lowest total fixed cost at $276,000. `When companies have excess capacity they should use that production opportunity on the service or product that provides the greatest profitability which optimizes the use of the resources of the firm. The DRG patient type that provides the highest profitability for the clinic evidenced by its higher contribution margin and profit margin is the DRG J. An advertising program should target the DRG J patients because the treatment given to these patients generate more revenues than any other DRG patient type. The results generated by an advertising campaign can be measured in terms of how many more patients visited the clinic after the ads are run on television, radio, written press, or on the internet. Due to the fact that each DRG J patients bring to the clinic greater revenues per visit than any other patient these patients must be targeted more aggressively by the firm. Based on the scenario that the clinic is at maximum capacity in terms of hours the firm should concentrate its efforts on completing work orders that can be achieved in the fastest time possible. The DRG patient time that requires the least amount of time to complete a treatment is the

Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) SWOT and PESTLE

Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) SWOT and PESTLE INTRODUCTION The main theme of this assignment is to critically analyse Pakistan International Airline and to appraise the level of effectiveness of the organisation. It includes strategic, financial and resource management analysis. This is carried out in three parts. Overall strategic position is scrutinized and external and internal environment is evaluated through different models such as  SWOT  and PESTLE STEEP analysis in the first part of an assignment. The second part is an overall review of human resource management in PIA and different approaches for their employees retention and performance are thoroughly assessed as to point out their weaknesses and reasons for those flaws in overall system. The final part is the ratio analysis which helps in analysing the financial position of the business and impact of resource management decisions on organisations growth and stability. INTRODUCTION OF PIA: Pakistan International Airlines Corporation (PIAC) is the premium airline of Pakistan with its head office on the grounds of Jinnah International Airport in Karachi. PIA is one of the largest airlines in Asia, operating scheduled services to 24 domestic destinations and 39 international destinations in 25 countries across Asia, Europe and North America. Its main bases are at Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad. (Khan A., 2008). ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIP OF STRATEGIC LEVEL PLANNING AND LOWER LEVEL Relationship between higher and lower levels of management is that Planning is done at higher level and execution is done by the lower level but the lower management is not involved in any decision making and planning in PIA. In fact its Lower management just plays role in gathering information for each step of strategic planning. Mission Statement: PIA Corporation has stated its mission statement as a symbol of national pride, aspired to be an airline of choice, operating profitably on modern commercial concepts and capable of competing with the best in the International as well as Domestic markets (www.piac.com.pk, accessed date: 08/10/2010) Mission statement of PIA is mentioned in a way that: Employee team will contribute towards making PIA a global airline of choice through: Offering quality customer services and innovative products. Using state of art technologies. Ensuring cost effective measures in procurement and operations. Developing safety cultures. On Jan 15, 2010 strategic objectives of PIA were given in 33rd BOD meeting i.e. Introduction of new additional flights, real time tax revenue management system Introduction and success of Pakistan remittance initiative Increasing market share by 5 % Successful monitoring of routes In PIA Mission and objectives are set by the higher management for the overall organization that provides track to middle and lower level employees so that they can bring the company at an established position because Higher management can not directly take part in improving customer satisfaction so team work is required from ticket reservation to landing of plane. Employees work in different teams such as office staff, ground staff, cabin crew and flight attendants as to perform day to day operations and to achieve overall objectives and mission. 2.2 Environmental Scanning: Goal achievement of any company is greatly influenced by the overall environment, so in PIA before doing strategic planning higher management also scans over all environment that involve internal and external environment both along with the analysis of firms industry. 2.3 Strategy Formulation: Management at the top level of PIA utilizes all the information gathered by the lower management and formulate its strategies by using its strengths and availing its opportunities to overcome its weaknesses and threats so as to create competitive edge in the airline industry. 2.4 Strategy Implementation: Implementation in any organization involves restructuring of firms resources and high level of motivation for lower and middle management. But in PIA strategy implementation becomes really complicated as they do not change their structures according to their new and modified strategies, and their employees are highly demotivated as their suggestions are not welcomed in formulating the strategies. Ultimately the strategies are misunderstood by them. 2.5 Evaluation and Control: Implementation of strategies are evaluated and controlled by PIAs higher management but they are very much rigid in making adjustments in their overall strategies. 2.6 Vision: PIA Corporation has stated its vision as To be fiercely competitive, consistently exceeding customer expectations and be the choice employer that embraces modern technology in all spheres of its activities. INFLUENCE OF VISION, MISSION, VALUES AND GOALS OF PIA OVER ITS STAKEHOLDERS Mission, vision, values and goals for PIA have great influence over its stakeholders that involves: 3.1 Customers: In the vision and mission statements of PIA; their customers expectations and satisfaction is highly focused so they are increasing their market demand by offering different services such as: Magazines like hamsafar and newspapers are given to all customers of PIA Different flyer programs also attract customers as they can get free tickets and excess baggage vouchers etc PIA continuously changes its plane design after every 3 years as to gain more and more customer attention PIA also introduces cargo service namely PIA Speedex. PIA is also doing brand marketing through sponsorship to become more and more popular e.g. PIA is sponsoring Shandur polo gala, ABN Amro patrons trophy, destination Pakistan 2007 festival PIA also supports non profit organizations like Al Shifa trust, Zindagi trust etc. PIA is also maintaining high safety culture for its customers 3.2 Employees: PIA believes in team work and without that they cannot achieve their goals and mission but they do not empower their employees to participate in decision making process so they are not involved in setting goals, vision and mission for their company. 3.3 Shareholders: PIA does not focus on shareholders income or their satisfaction in its vision and mission statements which shows its low level of interest. And it is proved by the fact that it is not achieving its goals so facing financial crisis that results in loss for its shareholders as share price decreases from 3.17 to 2.61 and loss was PAK Rs.5822 million in 2009. SWOT ANALYSIS 4.1 (S)TRENGTHS: Leading Market Position: According to Annual report of PIA (2008), PIA is one of Pakistans leading air carriers, with more than 800 daily flights. Around 150,000 passengers fly a month on PIA, making it one of the major operators in the domestic market in terms of passenger destination. PIAs international market share was 43.5%, In the Domestic market, its market share was 69.4%. On a system-wide basis, PIAs market share was 51.2% at the end of year 2009. Its strong market position is driven by consistently low fares as well as reliable service, frequent and convenient flights, use of new technologies like e-ticketing and self check-in terminals, comfortable cabins and superior customer service. Superior Operating Structure: PIA has maintained its position as the low cost carrier. It has been first class Pakistani airline to use the latest technology. Factors contributing consists of different series of Boeing and Airbus and an efficient, high-utilization and point- to-point route structure. Network Presence: PIA enjoys a global strong network and international destinations. The companys network includes three the major airports in Pakistan, as well as major international airport such as Dubai International Airport. Having a strong network means that PIA can generate traffic feed for both its domestic and international Flights. Effective Use Of Technology: PIA has successfully incorporated latest technology in all its systems, giving it an edge over competitors. PIA takes credit for introducing most new technologies to the Pakistani market. It was the second carrier in Pakistan to incorporate the c-ticketing system and the second in South Asia to introduce self check in systems at the Jinnah International Airport, Karachi. 4.2 (W)EAKNESSES: Worse Govt. Rules: The key policies, strategies and set of laws are designed by the upper management. The centralized system is one of the biggest obstacles of long term success of PIA. PIA centralizes structure lead to barrel between different level of management, decreased motivation, and hard access to information. Debt: PIA has a significant amount of 42 billion debts. Current and future debts could have important consequences for stakeholders of the company. Reliance On Oil Prices: PIAs sustainability, growth and revenues directly depend on oil prices. A steep rise in oil prices can seriously damage the long term viability of any airline. Recently many airlines around the world went bankrupt due to rising oil prices. Airlines need to hedge against this risk by taking proper measures. 4.3 (O)PPORTUNITIES: Having The Maximum Route And Fleet: PIA is having the maximum route and fleet domestic and international destinations network in Pakistan as compared to its Competitors. Route and fleet expansion will positively impact the companys operations by increasing revenues. Growing Demand For Low Cost Airlines: The growing demand for air travel is driven by lower fares and consumer confidence. A survey by International Aviation Authority showed that ticket price is the number one criterion for passengers when selecting a flight, well ahead of the availability of a non-stop service. Shifting Customer Needs: The needs of air passengers are increasingly changing, as they are becoming more and more price sensitive. If PIA succeeds in making its prices more competitive, then the company will be able to gain significant market share. Industry Recovery: Market analysts believe that the global airline industry will experience an upturn in fortunes over the next few years. This represents an opportunity for PIA, as it could generate increased revenues and command market share if it capitalizes on increases in demand. 4.4 (T)HREATS High Interest Rates: The past few years have seen State Bank of Pakistan impose high as well as low interest rates to check inflation and the overheating of Pakistani economy. Inflation in Pakistan may see another raise in the short-term. Strong Competition By Airblue: PIA is now competing against carriers such as Airblue and Shaheen Airline. PIA remains Airblues strongest competitor because of the huge market it has gained over time, strong brand image and customer loyalty. Interest And Foreign Currency Exchange Rates: Fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates can have a significant impact on PIAs earnings. For example, as PIA is providing its services to the UK. Negative or positive effects arise from exchange rate movements as change in expenses. PESTLE AND STEEP ANALYSIS PESTLE and STEEP factors including political, social, economic, technological, legal and environmental factors (Ireland R. et al 2008). (P)OLITICAL FACTORS: According to Ireland R. et al (2008), political factors always have a great influence on the way where businesses operate in the airline industry and the spending power of customers. Pakistan has achieved some political stability in recent years. If the management of PIA believes that the present government will perform well (consistently), then there will be more investment in the form of purchase of new airplanes and latest technology. (E)CONOMIC FACTORS: Currently, Airlines industry has three major players: PIA, an Airblue, Aero Asia and Shaheen Airlines. Their target market includes domestic travellers as well as Pakistanis living abroad particularly in the UK and USA. Economically, the new millennium has been highly volatile; the September 11 attacks revolutionized the whole world. Consequently, there was a global depression in the North America, South America, Australia and Europe. (S)OCIAL FACTORS: Customers are more aware of market conditions and available options and want to get best value for their money (Johnson Scholar, 2001). They spend considerable time and money on entertainment hence increasing the need of in-flight entertainment systems. Hajj attracts a huge number of customers. (T)ECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS: Major technological changes are taking place in the airlines industry with innovations in the reservations and booking systems. In-flight entertainment systems and auto check in counters are two examples of such innovations. Internet plays a key role in e-ticketing as consumer can easily reserve tickets or check the status of the flight. (L)EGAL FACTORS: Airlines legislations and policies have a direct impact on the performance of PIA. PIA has attacked new  legislation which will force them to pay greater compensation to customers in the event of overbooking, cancellations and delays. (E)NVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: PIA, as a symbol of national pride, should be a choice airline operating profitably on modern commercial concepts, capable of competing with the best in its entire international and domestic markets, consistently exceeding customer expectations. It should be a choice employer deploying modern technology in all spheres of its activities. APPROACHES TO HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TO AID THE DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS STRATEGY With an understanding that global economic downturn and ever rising operating costs further exacerbated by fluctuating crude oil prices. According to Greg J. et al (2009), human resource practices should be focused in PIA to address whether a brighter future is possible through management practices that fully engage employees and achieve genuine partnerships with their unions to rescue an ailing airline. Failure to elicit employee commitment through human resource practices could mean that PIA is doomed to fail in competitive aviation industry in which private sector is increasing its market share by catering to customer satisfaction. Creating a culture in which employees are close-knit and where top management focuses on its personnel asset by taking care of them so that they are ready to face and respond to every days job challenges wont be easy unless PIA starts building better relationship at various levels within its hierarchical organization. When an organization nurtures values of friendliness and loyalty among its staff then eventually customers benefit from improved service quality and creating a customer-centric culture becomes relatively easy. High employee morale and high quality delivery of service to customers are both inter-related and inter-dependent variables and airlines like Southwest Airlines, SWA, that based its business model not only on its customers but also its employees satisfaction have seen its profits growing when others were all losing revenues in post 9/11 period. Human resource management department of PIA could be used as a valuable agent of change that creates a strategic partnership among different levels of management and improves collaboration between different departments by defining policies and procedures that eventually results in a higher level of service throughout the organization. Properly trained human resource professionals that not only understand intricacies of organizational culture but also possess knowledge of global aviation industry can create a work environment that promotes dignity and respect and prepares PIA for 21st century challenges. Turnaround of Continental Airlines that used human resource management as a tool of corporate strategy to alter its work and communication practices throughout the organization is another example of the pivotal role that human resource department in PIA can play to improve its brands strength and reverse its financial losses (Carrig 1997). To remain competitive in global market where technology can perform many of the operations traditionally performed by human agents, PIA needs to take some measures to reduce its workforce by utilizing technology to its benefit. Moving to online ticketing save us at least 8-9 per cent in costs, the managing director of PIA once said. This partially resolves over-employment that burdens companys dire financial condition. The next step should be online check-in for domestic and international flights. PIA should invest further in its website to offer options to amend itinerary as and when required. Political influence and interference that affects fairness of recruitment policies poses challenges for human resource management when they are forced to make decisions that does not align with PIAs strategy but serves political purposes. I cannot emphasize enough on the importance of transparent recruitment. PIA needs to learn the importance of hiring as its success depends on the ability and style of its people. An organization that is in desperate need of leadership and role models should decorate its headquarters walls by photographs of employees who conform and promote company policies by achieving excellence in their respected roles. This practice would encourage healthy competition within employees and they would work with more dedication to get recognized. PERFORMANCE AND REWARD MANAGEMENT INCLUDING THE ROLE OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL Nowadays according to my point of view any type of reward plays a vital role in employee performance either it is financial or non-financial .Financial includes increase salary benefits like medical, travel, children benefits , pension etc and non-financial are personal recognition , appreciation , promotion etc. PIA must conduct a employee survey in which first they identify the needs of different employees like what type of rewards PIA should provide them so that they can motivate and perform better to make it first choice . Performance Appraisal or Career development discussion is method by which the job performance of an employee is evaluated in term of qualitative, quantities, cost and time typically by super ordinate boss or supervisor Performance appraisal is a part of guiding and managing career development .It is the process of obtaining, analysing and recording information about the relative worth of an employee to the organization. Performance appraisal is an analysis of an employees recent success and failures personal strengths and weaknesses, and suitability for promotion or further training. It is also the judgement of an employees performance in the job based on considerations other than productivity alone. Its a tool by which management can give feed back on employees performance identify his/her training needs .Facilitate communication between employee and administration/management .It improve performance through counselling , coaching and development . Simply when ever you tell any body about his/her weakness strengths you he/she will perform better towards achieving organizational goals. STRATEGIES FOR EMPLOYEE DEVELOPMENT AND REDEVELOPMENT The study is intended to check the development of employees in the organization. A good development program and procedure are essential to achieve goal of the organization. To cope with poor performance and to retain employee and always keep them sustainable we have lots of strategies but what I found in my research that not all are play a vital role but someone plays a significant role (Svend Hollensen, 2005). Decentralization Employee will better develop in decentralized decision making where they feel they are part of team whenever you involve employee in decision making you can easily achieve you desire objective in better way (Jeston J. Neils J., 2006). If we talk about PIA (Pakistan international Airline) in PIA delegation of authority is limited due to centralized decision making .The authorities reserve the right to make decisions in Board meeting or you can say that only top level management can make decision in board meeting. The middle and lower level management is not allowed to speak for against the top level management whatever top level make or implement they have to follow the decision Job Rotations According to Price A. (2005), job rotation is organic part of development; it is practiced to allow qualified employees to gain more insights into the processes of a company and to reduce boredom and increase job satisfaction through job variation. More rotation more satisfies an employee. Job Rotation is not common in PIA (Pakistan International Airline) thats why PIA employees are not fully satisfy Feed back Feedback plays a vital role in development and Redevelopment of employee and retains them on the job (Mercer, 1996). People need feedback.Most people do not see themselves as others see them. Feedback is essential to learning. If people dont fully appreciate their strengths, how can they use them to their advantage? People who take a professional attitude toward their work want feedback. If we talk about PIA quarterly employee co-ordination meeting are held where all employees can share their views with their bosses and subordinates and subordinates take feedback from super ordinates it helps to reduce the conflicts within the organisation and employee satisfaction. Training and development Programs Training leads towards development and when employees skills more develop organisation can easily achieve its objectives training is essential to make employee more dynamic to perform task (Price A. 2005). Training is strategy to retain an employee in the organisation it is duty of top level management to review the performance appraisals of employee and if they feel lack any where they should provide proper training to cope with that problem. This strategy is some sort of investment on employee. When employee feels that company is investing on he/she they always try to perform better. Analysis of the Liquidity Ratio: It is apparent above chart that the PIA is running with a negative working capital in both financial years. Similarly the percentages of current quick and cash ratio are also very low that reveals the fact that the current asserts of the company is not enough to meet its current liabilities. Either it should be equal or above the maiden industry level or it should be in Positive Percentage. Leverages ratio shows the amount of debt utilized by the firm to finance its asserts (Wight R. et al, 2009). It can be either by using share holders equity or by the amount of borrowing. Leverage ratio of the PIA shows the greater amount of debt to finance its asserts. The figures of the activity ratio indicate the low credibility of the PIA in utilizing its assets to generate the sales. As it is apparent from the fact that ratios for both the years are quiet low and the company will require a greater period of time to convert its assets to generate sales. Analysis of Profitability Ratio: The financial statement shows a slight decline in the gross profit margin in the 1st quarter of year 10 over the previous year. Similarly there is slight increase for the Return on equity ratio, though it is low but as an investor it is somehow encouraging. On the other hand operating profit, net profit margin and return on assets are in real bad condition as they are in negative. CONCLUSION: Reason for PIA down fall is that the company is goal oriented instead of focusing on means used to achieve those goals. So the problem comes at the implementation stage as they are not people oriented, mean the company does not involve its middle and lower management in decision making. That is the reason weaknesses occur and they fail to cope their upcoming threats and unable to create competitive edge in their respective PIA has boosted in last few years. Corporate level is planning forward for next upcoming years. PIA has to changed organisational structure so that it can bring a change and motivation in employees. This will solve all the problems and conflicts among the company structure from corporate level down to the lower level. They should motivate their employees and as well as less the over head cost expenses and other expenses like labour cost .It should be like less input and high out put to improve the corporate level they should heir responsible people so that they are good in decision making and strategic planning. This can be only done by good marketing policies.